1. Earthquakes and Volcanoes
Natural Disasters
Earthquakes and Volcanoes

2. Ring of Fire
The “Ring of Fire” is a series of tectonic plate boundaries around the Pacific Ocean.
75% of the world’s volcanoes and 90% of the world’s earthquakes occur here

4. Volcanoes

5. What is a Volcano?
An opening in the earth’s crust where magma (molten rock) flows from the mantle to the surface

6. Landslides/Mudslides
Volcanoes create new land when molten rock reaches the surface, cools and hardens into solid rock
This can sometimes cause fast-moving landslides of boiling mud

7. Divergent Zones
Divergent boundaries – where two plates are moving away from each other (Katla volcano in Iceland)

8. Subduction Zones
Subduction boundaries – where two plates are crashing into each other (Kyushu volcano in Japan)

9. Volcanoes in North America
There are active volcanoes along the pacific coast of Canada (British Columbia) and USA at the Pacific Plate Subduction Zone
Mount St Helens before it erupted in 1980
Mount St Helens after it erupted in 1980

10. How do volcanoes DESTROY land and life?
How do volcanoes CREATE land and life?
Destroys plants/ animals
Landslides / lava flows
Kill people (burning, smoke/gas)
Land gets covered by new rock, ash, lava
Plants can grown in volcanic soil
Lava cools into new rock = new land
Opportunity for new plants to grow

11. Paricutin, Mexico A crack opened up in a farmer’s cornfield in 1943
Ash and stone poured out, and it grew quickly – it reached 5 stories tall in one month
After 1 year it was over 1,100 feet tall
It kept erupting for 8 years

13. Underwater Volcano

14. What is a Caldera?
A caldera is a cauldron-like volcanic feature usually formed by the collapse of land following a volcanic eruption.

15. Mount Nyiragongo

16. Mount Nyiragongo An active volcano in the Democratic Republic of Congo
The city of Goma (pop: 1 million) only lies km south of the volcano
It erupted in 2002, most people were evacuated in time
But the lava destroyed more than 40% of the city

17. Mt Vesuvius

18. Mt Vesuvius
Mount Vesuvius is best known for its eruption in AD 79 that led to the burying and destruction of the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum.
An estimated 16,000 people died
Vesuvius has erupted many times since
Today, it is regarded as one of the most dangerous volcanoes in the world because of the population of 3,000,000 people living nearby and its tendency towards explosive eruptions

19. Yellowstone Supervolcano
Yellowstone National Park is famous for its hot springs and its geysers, like Old Faithful
There is an immense supervolcano there, it is one of the largest in the world

20. If the Yellowstone Supervolcano erupted...

21. Earthquakes

24. Earthquake Footage

25. The Richter Scale
The Richter magnitude scale assigns a magnitude number to measure the energy released by an earthquake.
It goes 1-10
An earthquake that registers 5.0 on the Richter scale is 10 times stronger than that of an earthquake that registered 4.0
A 3.0 earthquake is often felt by people, but very rarely causes damage. Shaking of indoor objects can be noticeable.
A 8.0 earthquake would cause major damage to buildings. Will cause moderate to heavy damage to sturdy or earthquake-resistant buildings. Damaging in large areas.

26. 2010 Haiti Earthquake It measured 7.0 in magnitude
Deaths = 100, ,000
The poverty and poor housing conditions exacerbated the death toll

27. 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake & tsunami
An over 9.0 magnitude quake hit the ocean near Indonesia
Triggered tsunamis that killed over 230,000 people in 14 countries
3rd strongest earthquake measured with modern equipment

28. Tsunami Footage https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oFHymR7cgn8

29. The next California earthquake?
According to a new study, there is so much built-up tension under the San Andreas fault, major earthquakes could be coming soon.
This could affect millions living in the San Francisco Bay Area, as some of the fault lines are located underneath the heart of the area’s infrastructure.

30. California Earthquake 1989

31. Top 15 Natural Disasters Caught on Film