1. The Maritime security governance debate
Francois Vreÿ
Research Coordinator, SIGLA
Stellenbosch University
5th International Conference on Strategic Theory
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, September 2017

2. Scope Introduction Leadership Oceans governance
Governance-Maritime security nexus
Governance indices
Towards a maritime security governance index

3. Introduction
World attention & Africa’s oceans
East Africa, West Africa North Africa: Catalysts and wake-up calls
Maritime security complexity : A leadership catalyst
Security & Rule of Law: Conduits for good governance
Collaboration on landward & maritime threat reduction
Framing maritime security governance beyond anti-piracy

4. Leadership
Political leadership: Institutionalise maritime security and the blue economy
Leadership to extend economic and social benefits to societies
Maritime governance depends upon maritime security for economic benefits
Both are a political function of leadership collaboration
Continental leadership on maritime affairs: Map the governance imperative
Regional leadership: Operationalise regional maritime architectures
National leadership: To map & embed the national contribution

5. Ocean Governance: What is in a name?
Governments: Make & enforce rules to deliver services
Renewed advantages of oceans : Governance at sea
Footing in good order at sea & rule of law
Making, heeding and enforcing rules by extended actor community
Sustainable and responsible use of the oceans by all
Why?

6. Governance-maritime security nexus
Security & rule of law: Basis for good governance
Ocean & maritime security governance no exception
Good order at sea: Flow & stock resource
Safe & secure conditions for using the sea
Central governance theme: Safety, security and responsibilities
Actor cooperation: National – regional - global

7. Maritime security What is it? Caring for it Core Dimensions
Characteristics
National security
Marine environment
Economic development
Human security
Interconnected security challenges
Liminality (Not only ocean-related)
A transnational environment
Cross-jurisdictional – Laws & agencies
Joint knowledge production
Coordination through
common scripts for action
Joint operational
maritime security activities
Bueger, C. & T. Edmunds, 2017 International Affairs

8. Governance to maritime security governance
Guiding perspectives: Looking forward …
Institutions and actors from and beyond government
Broadening of boundaries and responsibilities : social and economic issues
Improving interdependent relationships : institutions involved in collective action
Expansion of autonomous self-governing networks of actors
Grow responsibilities of non-state actors : complement government authority
Enabling government to use new tools and techniques

9. Meet expectations of citizens Direct influence and resources
Governance indexes
To what end?
Meet expectations of citizens
Direct influence and resources
Reinforce blue economy contributions
Maritime Security & rule of law: First deliverables
Change weak & ineffective governance
Human security: On land & at sea
Joint knowledge production
Coordination through
common scripts for action
Joint operational
maritime security activities

10. Rationale for Africa Greater Africa imprint upon MDA: How?
Tie MDA & Development to AIMS-2050
Opportunity for Low-tech contributions from Africa to MDA
Collating public resources through African academic institutions
National work feeding African regional projects
Connecting MDA – Marsec to Blue Economy for African futures

11. Joint knowledge production: Augment the landward index
The absent category
Maritime Security
Governance
Littoral state governance
Rule of Law
Soft threats & assets
Capacity to police
Taken from:
[Suggested, not confirmed: Own compilation]

12. Actor cooperation: Network of African coastal universities
1 = Western Africa
2 = Eastern Africa
3 = Southern Africa
4 = North Africa
X = Western- North Africa cross-over
X1 = Western – Southern Africa cross-
Over
X2 = Eastern-Southern Africa cross-
Envisaged university partners
© SIGLA- SU
Stellenbosch

13. Common scripts for action: A maritime governance index
Regional governance index
Littoral governance index
Littoral fragility index
Incidents at sea index / Justice Index
Integrated legislation
International codes & regimes
UNCLOS signatory
Codes of conduct
Maritime policy environment
Maritime resources profile: Living, non-living
Maritime resource dependency
Shipping lanes/volumes
Choke points
Maritime zone claims
Maritime boundary disputes
Maritime crime profile(s)
(Traditional, GOAS, Non-traditional threats)
Domestic conflict/maritime spill-overs
Government/naval maritime institutions
Civilian maritime institutions
Regional maritime arrangements
Maritime policing agencies
Acquisitions
Standing navies/coast guards
Policing capabilities/agencies
International naval assistance
Naval/maritime exercises
Private maritime security actors
Security & enforcement agencies
Indexes
Rule of Law
Stock & Flow
DATA
SOURCES
AND
SECTORS
Collating scattered
Information
Regional & National Analysis
Soft Threats
Institutions
Enforcement
© SIGLA- SU

14. Index based upon actor-threat inclusiveness of governance theory
Recommendations
Index based upon actor-threat inclusiveness of governance theory
Based upon a network of African littoral state universities
Interfaced : Landward Governance Index and proposed maritime governance index
Geographic pathway : regional littoral states as pilot project
Proposed flow and sectors:
Regional pilot leading to continental output over 3 years
Data collection and collation : actor cooperation
Existing statistics to collate scattered data
Public index
© SIGLA- SU

15. Thank you for your time Questions?
Compiled by:
Prof Francois Vreÿ
Research Co-ordinator
SIGLA, Stellenbosch University

16. Governance impacts on utilization of the ocean as a flow and stock resource.
Governance theory applies to landward and maritime governance with overlapping features.
As governance includes ocean governance, its overlapping parts should provide information / data on security at sea.
Governance on land is indexed.
Governance at sea off Africa needs to be more comprehensively indexed to provide effective security data.
Proposed research design: To index and measure maritime security governance off Africa utilizing existing and proposed new data sources.