1. APES review 3

2. Forms of nitrogen to know
NO : nitric oxide, released to atmosphere by combustion
NO2 : nitrogen dioxide, secondary pollutant from oxidation of NO, makes nitric acid
NO2- : nitrite
NO3- : nitrate, preferred plant nutrient, easily leached
N2O : nitrous oxide from denitrification, persistent in atmosphere, GHG
N2 : dinitrogen, nitrogen gas, 78% of atmosphere
NH3 : ammonia, usually a gas or liquid
NH4+ : ammonium, water soluble but usually binds to clay or organics in soil
HNO3
NOX : usually considered as a combination of NO and NO2 it makes acid rain

4. People / events in History
John Muir – founder of Sierra Club
Rachel Carson – wrote Silent Spring about DDT and its effects
Malthus –
Yellowstone – first national park

5. ENSO – El Nino Southern Oscillation in the south Pacific Ocean

7. Significant Events Deepwater Horizon Kyoto Protocol
Montreal Protocol – 1989
Exxon Valdez – 1989
Chernobyl
Bhopal disaster – 1984
Love Canal – 1978
Endangered Species Act – 1973
Earth Day – 1970

8. BOD
Biochemical oxygen demand – the amount of oxygen required to decompose the oxygen demanding wastes

10. 1 hectare = m2
100 hect (10000m2/hect) = m2
Increase 1cm or .01 m /day
m2 (.01 m / day) = m3

11. Endangered Species Protection
ESA
CITES

13. Describe the Relationship

16. Definitions –with water
Watershed -
Clean water Act -
Clean Drinking Water Act -

17. Definitions with Air
Clean Air Act – regulates 6 criteria air pollutants
Baghouse filter – Air pollution control device that removes particulates – collection efficiency of 99% (more reliable than EP even with small particles)
Electrostatic Precipitator – filter that removes particulates from smoke using an electric charge
Scrubber – removes SOx and NOx from smoke
Dioxin – POPs, byproducts of industrial processes and intentionally in PCBs, highly toxic, carcinogenic, biomagnified

18. Methane sources Natural Human Causes wetlands Rice paddies Landfills
Agriculture - cows

19. Rainshadow effects