Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
1
Infancy & Childhood: Social development
Developmental psychology: Infancy & Childhood Infancy & Childhood: Social development Effects of early attachments on later relationships Self-concept 1st step of self-concept - self awareness Mirror experiments Before 6 months: doesn’t recognize as person After 6 months: believes another child Around 15 to 18 months: realizes it is him/herself Make-up on baby’s nose Tries to wipe it off own face Grows until set by around age 10
2
Judgments & feelings of own value/worth Self-efficacy
Developmental psychology: Infancy & Childhood Infancy & Childhood: Social development Effects of early attachments on later relationships Self-esteem Judgments & feelings of own value/worth Self-efficacy Beliefs about capability of achieving goals Self-esteem vs. Self-efficacy Roughly/simply: who you are vs. what you can/can’t do.
3
Child rearing practices Affect our early attachments, self-concept
Developmental psychology: Infancy & Childhood Infancy & Childhood: Social development Effects of early attachments on later relationships Child rearing practices Affect our early attachments, self-concept Diana Baumrind 4 major ones
4
Authoritarian – parent is boss
Developmental psychology: Infancy & Childhood Infancy & Childhood: Social development Effects of early attachments on later relationships Diana Baumrind 4 major ones Authoritarian – parent is boss Authoritative/democratic – parents & children negotiate, discuss 3) Permissive/laissez faire – children have final say 4) uninvolved/neglectful – egocentric adult, doesn’t notice kid
5
Infancy & Childhood: Social development
Developmental psychology: Infancy & Childhood Infancy & Childhood: Social development Effects of early attachments on later relationships Evaluating parenting styles: Authoritarian Children have little control Feel helpless & incompetent, unable to make decisions (never had to) Authoritative/democratic Children have greatest sense of control Permissive/laissez faire Children have too much control, but few guidelines Never “reigned in” uninvolved/neglectful Bad
6
Transition between childhood & adulthood Begins: puberty
Developmental psychology: Adolescence Adolescence: background Adolescence: Transition between childhood & adulthood Begins: puberty Ends: independent adult status Maturation Recently - begins earlier, ends later
7
Period of sexual maturation: Girls – 11 Boys – 13
Developmental psychology: Adolescence Adolescence: Physical development Puberty Period of sexual maturation: Girls – 11 Boys – 13 Developing of Primary & Secondary sexual characteristics Milestones: Menarche – 1st menstrual period Spermarche – 1st ejaculation
8
Early adolescence – concepts
Developmental psychology: Adolescence Adolescence: Physical & cognitive development Early adolescence – concepts Limbic system develops before frontal lobe Result? Often self-focused: Remnants - Egocentrism Theory of mind – still developing
11
Early adolescence – terms Imaginary audience or spotlight effect
Developmental psychology: Adolescence Adolescence: Cognitive development Early adolescence – terms Imaginary audience or spotlight effect Believe everyone’s attention focused on you Personal fable Belief feeling, situation, etc. are all unique First person to fall in love, have fight with best friend, etc.
12
Erik Erikson 1902 - 1994 Across the life span: social development
Developmental psychology: Across the life span Across the life span: social development Erik Erikson
13
Interactions develop over time
Developmental psychology: Across the life span Across the life span: social development Erik Erikson: Interactions develop over time Each stage of life had psychosocial crises that needed resolution How we resolve each crises determines how/if we move on to next level
14
Stage 1 - Trust vs. mistrust Infancy To 1 year old
Developmental psychology: Across the life span Across the life span: social development Stages of Psychosocial development Stage 1 - Trust vs. mistrust Infancy To 1 year old If needs are met, a sense of trust is formed
15
Stage 2 - Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Developmental psychology: Across the life span Across the life span: social development Stages of Psychosocial development Stage 2 - Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Toddlerhood 1 to 2 years Learn to do things for themselves, express own interests Or will doubt abilities
16
Stage 3 - Initiative vs. Guilt Preschooler 3 to 5 years
Developmental psychology: Across the life span Across the life span: social development Stages of Psychosocial development Stage 3 - Initiative vs. Guilt Preschooler 3 to 5 years Not just doing things independently, initiating them Or feel guilty about efforts to be independent
17
Stage 4 – Competence/industry vs. Inferiority
Developmental psychology: Across the life span Across the life span: social development Stages of Psychosocial development Stage 4 – Competence/industry vs. Inferiority Elementary school 6 years to puberty Learn pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or feel inferior Work replaces play Find something they’re good at
18
Stage 5 - Identity vs. Role confusion Adolescence Teen years into 20’s
Developmental psychology: Across the life span Across the life span: social development Stages of Psychosocial development Stage 5 - Identity vs. Role confusion Adolescence Teen years into 20’s Learn who they are or be confused
19
Stage 6 - Intimacy vs. Isolation Young adult 20’s to early 40’s
Developmental psychology: Across the life span Across the life span: social development Stages of Psychosocial development Stage 6 - Intimacy vs. Isolation Young adult 20’s to early 40’s Learn to form close relationships, or feel isolated
20
Males more independent Females more interdependent
Developmental psychology: Adolescence Adolescence: Social development Identity Major task of adolescence – developing an identity Intimacy Ability to form close, loving relationships Need to Identity before you can do this Gender differences: Males more independent Females more interdependent
21
Stage 7 - Generativity vs. Stagnation Middle adulthood 40’s to 60’s
Developmental psychology: Across the life span Across the life span: social development Stages of Psychosocial development Stage 7 - Generativity vs. Stagnation Middle adulthood 40’s to 60’s Feel they are contributing to the world (work, relationship), or they feel they lack purpose
22
Stage 8 - Integrity vs. Despair Late adulthood 60’s on
Developmental psychology: Across the life span Across the life span: social development Stages of Psychosocial development Stage 8 - Integrity vs. Despair Late adulthood 60’s on Looking back at one’s life, either feel a sense of satisfaction or regret
23
DABDA AKA “Kubler-Ross stages: More or less been discounted Stages:
Developmental psychology: Across the life span Across the life span: Well being “The Five Stages of Grief” AKA “Kubler-Ross stages: More or less been discounted Stages: Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance DABDA
24
Lawrence Kohlberg 1927-1987 Moral development
Developmental psychology: Adolescence Moral development Lawrence Kohlberg
25
Our morality develops as our cognition develops
Developmental psychology: Adolescence Moral development Lawrence Kohlberg Our morality develops as our cognition develops Developed a moral ladder Heinz dilemma
26
Preconventional morality Until 9 years old
Developmental psychology: Adolescence Moral development: Kohlberg’s Moral Ladder Level 1 Preconventional morality Until 9 years old Right and wrong based on what’s best for themselves Stage 1 – Punishment Avoidance Only wrong behavior is when you get caught
27
Preconventional morality Until 9 years old
Developmental psychology: Adolescence Moral development: Kohlberg’s Moral Ladder Level 1 Preconventional morality Until 9 years old Right and wrong based on what’s best for themselves Stage 2 – Exchange of favors/concrete rewards Do something if they get something out of it Recognize others have needs
28
Conventional morality Early adolescence Stage 3 – Good girl/good boy
Developmental psychology: Adolescence Moral development: Kohlberg’s Moral Ladder Level 2 Conventional morality Early adolescence Stage 3 – Good girl/good boy Make decisions based on what will please others (especially authority figures) Begin to take other people’s perspectives and feelings into decision making
29
Conventional morality Early adolescence Stage 4 – Law and Order
Developmental psychology: Adolescence Moral development: Kohlberg’s Moral Ladder Level 2 Conventional morality Early adolescence Stage 4 – Law and Order Look at society for guidelines concerning right and wrong Rules are needed to keep society in order Believe it is their duty to obey them
30
Stage 5 – Social contract
Developmental psychology: Adolescence Moral development: Kohlberg’s Moral Ladder Level 3 Postconventional morality College level Stage 5 – Social contract Laws & rules agreement among people regarding appropriate behavior Useful for general law and order, protect individual rights Laws & rules not absolutes If situations change, so should laws
31
Stage 6 – Universal ethical principle Rare, even in adults “Utopian”
Developmental psychology: Adolescence Moral development: Kohlberg’s Moral Ladder Level 3 Postconventional morality College level Stage 6 – Universal ethical principle Rare, even in adults “Utopian” Laws & rules that are harmful can be disobeyed (in fact, should be) There are higher laws
32
Stage 6 – Universal ethical principle
Developmental psychology: Adolescence Moral development: Kohlberg’s Moral Ladder Level 3 Postconventional morality College level Stage 6 – Universal ethical principle
33
Carol Gilligan Criticisms of Kohlberg 1936 -
Developmental psychology: Adolescence Moral development: Kohlberg’s Moral Ladder Criticisms of Kohlberg Carol Gilligan 1936 -
34
Gilligan criticisms: Criticisms of Kohlberg
Developmental psychology: Adolescence Moral development: Kohlberg’s Moral Ladder Criticisms of Kohlberg Gilligan criticisms:
35
Kohlberg’s subjects: mostly males
Developmental psychology: Adolescence Moral development: Kohlberg’s Moral Ladder Criticisms of Kohlberg Gilligan criticisms: Kohlberg’s subjects: mostly males Believes men & woman have different morals A community of moles give shelter to a homeless porcupine. But the moles are constantly stabbed by the porcupine's quills. What should they do?
36
Criticisms of Kohlberg Kohlberg Gilligan Emphasis: Emphasis:
Developmental psychology: Adolescence Moral development: Kohlberg’s Moral Ladder Criticisms of Kohlberg Kohlberg Gilligan Emphasis: Emphasis: Fairness -Compassion & caring Justice -Interpersonal relationships Criticisms of both Both view moral development in terms of logic & reasoning Ignore emotional component of morality
37
Heinz’s action if he was at that level WHY? (Defend your answer)
Kohlberg’s Stage (in order) Heinz’s action if he was at that level WHY? (Defend your answer) 1 Punishment Avoidance Depends on how likely he will get caught 2 Exchange of favors/ concrete rewards Yes – gets wife health back Or… No – pharmacists needs to make a living 3 Good girl/good boy No – if caught others will think ill of him Yes – make his wife happy
38
Heinz’s action if he was at that level WHY? (Defend your answer)
Kohlberg’s Stage (in order) Heinz’s action if he was at that level WHY? (Defend your answer) 4 Law and Order No, stealing is against the law 5 Social contract Stealing against law, but pharmacist is morally wrong This needs to change! 6 Universal ethical principle Stealing against law, but what pharmacist is doing is worse So o.k. to steal
39
What does Freddy do, and why? Piaget
Developmental psychology: Newborn Development Freddy is four years old and wants to play with the toy that Evan is playing with. What does Freddy do, and why? Piaget Preoperational stage: egocentrism, can’t see another’s point of view. So, likely would take it Kohlberg Stage 1: Punishment avoidance. He will get punished if he is caught. So, ultimately, wouldn’t take it.
40
Stage 4: Law and Order. Stealing is against the law.
Developmental psychology: Newborn Development Freddy is ten years old and wants to play with the toy that Evan is playing with. What does Freddy do, and why? Piaget Theory of mind Freddy realizes that Evan is playing with the toy, so shouldn’t take it. Kohlberg Stage 4: Law and Order. Stealing is against the law. So, ultimately, wouldn’t take it.
41
In both cases, he doesn’t take, but for different reasons.
Developmental psychology: Newborn Development In both cases, he doesn’t take, but for different reasons. At four, doesn’t care about Evan, just doesn’t want to be punished. At ten, realizes that stealing is against the law and can see things from Evan’s point of view (theory of mind).
Similar presentations
