1. Introduction to ComputersBy
Engr. Abdul Hannan Zahid
Lecturer
Dept. of Chemical Engineering

2. Introducing Computer Systems
Chapter 1
Introducing Computer Systems
Book: Introduction to Computers
By Peter Norton th Edition

3. Learning Objectives:
List at least five professions in which computers are routinely used, and describe at least on of the ways computers have affected the work of people in those professions.
List the four parts of a computer system.
Identify four kinds of computer hardware.
List the two major categories of software and explain the purpose of each.
List the four most common types of computers available today and describe what kind of job each does best.

4. Computer
an electronic device that process data converting, it in to information that is useful to peoples

5. Computer History

6. Charles Babbage English inventor 1791-1871
taught math at Cambridge University
invented a viable mechanical computer equivalent to modern digital computers

7. Babbage’s first computer
difference engine
built in early 1800’s
special purpose calculator
naval navigation charts

8. Babbage’s second computer
analytical engine, 1834
Analytical engine
general-purpose
used binary system
punched cards as input
branch on result of previous instruction
Ada Lovelace (first programmer)
machined parts not accurate enough
never quite completed

9. Electrical Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), 1940’s
an early computer
developed at UPenn
Size: 30’ x 50’ room
18,000 vacuum tubes
1500 relays
weighed 30 tons
designers
John Mauchly
J. Presper Eckert

10. Intel 8088 microprocessor (single chip)
used in first IBM personal computer
IBM PC released in 1981
4.77 MHz clock
16 bit integers, with an 8-bit data bus
transfers took two steps (a byte at a time)
1 Mb of physical memory address limitation
8-bit device-controlling chips
29,000 transistors
3-micron technology
speed was 0.33 MIPS
later version had 8 MHz clock
speed was 0.75 MIPS.
Pentium 4 chip has 42 million transistors
electrical paths now
as small as .13 micron

11. Early Computer DEC LSI-11, Early 1980’s DEC PDP-11, mid 1970’s
These 2 computers were functionally equivalent.

12. Recall Computer Models You are Familiar
486
586
Pentium I
Pentium II
Pentium III
Pentium IV
Dual Core systems
Quard Core systems
Core 2 Due systems
Core i3
Core i5
Core i7
……………

13. Digital Computers Are so called because they work by the “numbers”
Break all type of information in to numbers
Works in sequence of steps

14. Analogue Computers Earliest computers were analogue computers
They were more flexible than digital but not so reliable
They were mechanical devices weighing several Tons
Used motors and Gears to perform calculations

15. Computers for individual users
Desktop Computers
Work station
Note book
Tablet Pc
Hand Held Pc
Smart Phones

16. TABLET PERSONAL COMPUTER OR TABLET PC
Tablet personal computer or tablet PC is a small,
thin,
flat tablet sized computer
has many key features of a full-size PC’s.
is essentially a small laptop computer without a keyboard
equipped with a touch screen as input device 
They accept input from a special pen called a STYLUS or a digital pen used to tap or write directly on screen
Many models have fold-out keyboard.

17. TABLET PERSONAL COMPUTER OR TABLET PC

18. HANDHELD PC’S Small enough to fit in hand
Popular type is Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)
PDA is like small appointment book
PDA is used for taking notes, displaying numbers & addresses
They can connect to internet & can exchange data with large computers

19. HANDHELD PC’S

20. Smart Phones
Cellular phones with advanced features are called as Smart Phones
Features can include
Web
acess
Softwares e.g personal organizera
Hardware e.g digital camera etc.

21. Smart Phones

22. Smart Phones

23. Parts of computer system
Hardware
Software
Data
User

24. Parts of computer system
Hardware:
Mechanical devices that make up computers
Software:
Set of instructions that makes the computer perform tasks
Data:
Consists of individual facts or pieces of information that by themselves may not make much sense to a person
Users:
People are computer operators

26. Computer Hardware - any part of the computer you can touch.
Processor
Memory
Input and Output Devices
Storage Devices

27. Identify computer hardware

28. Some types of hardware devices.
Output
Processor
Memory
Input and
output
Storage
Input

29. Software - electronic instructions to the computer
Software - electronic instructions to the computer. Also referred to as a “program.”
Two types:
System Software
Application Software

30. System Software: Operating Systems Disk Utilities Windows 95
OS/2
Disk Utilities

31. Application Software:
Word Processing
Spreadsheets
Graphics
Databases
Entertainment
Educational
Communications
Presentation

32. Application software and system software
work together to provide useful output.

33. Software brings a computer to life.

34. Computer for organizations
Network servers
Mainframe computers
Minicomputers
Super computers

35. Microcomputer
Supercomputer
Minicomputer

36. Network servers

37. Network servers
It is a powerful pc with special software and equipment that enable it to function as a primary computer on the network
Desktop computers connected to one or more centralized computers called Network servers
Purpose of network servers are handling printing, enabling internet communication
They are mounted in large racks or reduced to small units called “blades”

38. Network servers

39. Mainframe computers
Used in large companies such as banks etc where many people need to use same data at a time
It can handle processing needs of thousand of users at any given moment
Each user access the mainframe resource by a device called terminal

40. Mainframe computers Types of terminal Dumb terminal:
Cannot process or store data
It is simple input/output device
Intelligent terminal
Can perform some storage
But have not any storage

41. Minicomputers Introduced in 1960s
A minicomputer is a class of computers that lies in between the mainframe computers and the personal computers.
Also called as  midrange computers
can handle more input & output than pc’s
Most minicomputers can serve the input & output needs of hundreds of users at a time  

42. Minicomputers

43. Supercomputers Most powerful computers ever made are supercomputers
Large in size than ordinary computers
Can process huge amount of data
Can perform trillion calculations per second.
Are ideal to solve large & complex problems
Used in weather forecasting
Modeling of complex processes like nuclear fission etc

44. Supercomputers

45. Supercomputers

46. Supercomputers

47. Who Uses Computers? Military Doctors Educators Engineers Architects
Musicians
Filmmakers
Attorneys
Bankers
Architects

48. Musicians can use MIDI technology to compose and edit their work.

49. COMPUTER USE AT HOME Communications Business at home School work
Entertainment
finances

50. COMPUTER USE IN EDUCATION
Student record
On line lectures
UOGIS
portal
Lectures uploading

51. COMPUTER USE IN SMALL BUSINESS
Software houses
Less investment
Online projects
Online design projects
Distance learning

52. COMPUTER USE IN INDUSTRY
Dsigning
Shipping
Process control
Industrial automation
Security screening

53. COMPUTER USE IN GOVERNMENT
Population census
Taxes
Military
Police
Online complaints
Land record
Revenue record

54. COMPUTER USE IN HEALTH CARE
Distance surgeries
Dental treatment
Patient record
CT Scan
MRI Scan
Robotic surgical devices

55. A medical team using “robodoc” to assist in surgery.

56. Parts of computer system
Hardware
Software
Data
User

57. Parts of computer system 1. Hardware
Processor
Memory
Input & output
Storage

58. Parts of computer system 1. Hardware
Processor or processing devices
Process raw data into useful information
It is brain of computer
Consider the nervous system of human beings computer works like brain
It placed on Motherboard
A P.C’s processor is usually a single chip or a set of chips connected on a circuit board
In powerful computers more than one processor are present

61. Motherboard

62. Parts of computer system 1. Hardware
2. Memory
It has two types
1. Random Access Memory
2. Read Only Memory

63. RAM:
RAM (pronounced ramm) is an acronym for random access memory, a type of computer memory that can be accessed randomly; that is, any byte of memory can be accessed without touching the preceding bytes. RAM is the most common type of memory found in computers and other  devices, such as printers
It is volatile memory
It has high impact on computers speed
Needs power for storage

64. RAM

65. ROM
Stores data permanantely
It is Non volatile meemory
Does not require power for storage

66. Parts of computer system 1. Hardware
3. Input & output
Input devices are trackball
Touchpad
Joystick
Scanner
Digital camera
Microphone
Printer
Speaker
LED

67. Parts of computer system 1. Hardware
4. Storage
Data when not in use need to store some where
Purpose of storage is to hold data permanantly
It consists of
Magnetic Storage
Optical Storage
Assignment:
Write note on Magnetic Storage & Optical Storage

68. Computer cooling
Is required to remove the waste heat produced by computer components, to keep components within their safe operating temperature limits.
Various cooling methods help to improve processor performance or reduce the noise of cooling fans.
Components which produce heat can loss and damage integrated circuits such as CPUs, chipset and graphics cards, along with hard drives 
But excessive cooling of hard drives has been found to have negative effects. Overheated parts results in system freezes or crashes

71. Liquid nitrogen may be used to cool an overclocked PC

72. Learning Objectives: Chapter 1 Review
List at least five professions in which computers are routinely used, and describe at least on of the ways computers have affected the work of people in those professions.
List the four parts of a computer system.
Identify four kinds of computer hardware.
List the two major categories of software and explain the purpose of each.
List the four most common types of computers available today and describe what kind of job each does best.