1. LIMESTONE SCENERY

2. Limestone scenery comes in two forms;-
Surface features
Underground features

3. LIMESTONE - SURFACE FEATURES
Limestone Pavement (Clints and Grikes)
Dry Valleys
Scars
Gorges
Pot holes, sink holes, swallow holes, shake holes
Resurgents (springs)

4. Limestone Pavement - scraped clear of soil by repeated glaciation.

5. CLINT
CLINT
GRIKE
GRIKE
Limestone pavement, showing its characteristic clints (blocks) and grikes (gaps).

6. Watlowes, an example of a dry valley - carved by glacial meltwater, when the underground passages were choked with permafrost. Note also the scars, scree and limestone pavements.
pavement
scar
scree

7. A scar is the name for a mini-cliff at the edge of the limestone plateau.

8. Upper Gordale, a good example of a gorge.
Gorges are formed by the collapse of a cave system’s roof.
(Not to be confused with river gorges studied at S.Grade)

9. The Verdon Gorge in southern France

10. Gaping Gill - Britain’s second deepest pot-hole.

11. Gaping Gill has been formed over millions of years - the result of chemical weathering enlarging a vertical joint in the limestone. It is over 110 metres deep.

12. A sink hole / swallow hole.

13. The aptly-named Watersinks, where a stream disappears underground

14. It is formed by soil being dribbled into a joint and a depression forming. Sometimes the soil seals the joint and it can accumulate moisture. These are sometimes called ‘Dew ponds’.
A shakehole
This is a shake-hole.

15. Boundary between limestone and impermeable rock.
Resurgence (spring), where the water returns to the surface. The arrow denotes the flow of the new river.

16. Malham Cove, once a huge waterfall, but now virtually dry
Malham Cove, once a huge waterfall, but now virtually dry. Note the resurgence (spring) at the base of the cliff.
In places this Great Scar limestone is 600ft. thick, representing 50 million years of sea-bed deposition - at about 1 inch every 2000 years!

17. Two re-emergant/ resurgent streams; Gordale and Malham .

18. LIMESTONE -UNDERGROUND FEATURES
Caverns
Tunnels, passages and sumps
Underground lakes and waterfalls
Flowstone features
Dripstone features-stalactites, stalagmites and pillars.

19. Caverns are underground caves
Caverns are underground caves. In them, lakes can form; but they don’t last long as water percolates through the rock at sumps.
Passages are eroded by the solution of limestone, usually along bedding planes and joints.

20. Underground, at the bottom of Gaping Gill.

21. These flowstone deposits can vary widely in shape and colour - the colour often due to minerals such as iron, copper, lead or manganese in the water. This is called a curtain stone.

22. In a process known as gas diffusion, water saturated with dissolved Calcium Carbonate enters a cave through joints in the roof. As it does so, it loses some CO2 and, helped by evaporation, this causes some Calcite (the pure form of the mineral) to precipitate out - forming a variety of underground dripstone features.
Copy this text

23. Stalactites grow from the cave roof
Stalactites grow from the cave roof.on average about one inch every 500 years.

24. ...stalagmites grow up from the cave floor

25. Pillars are where stalagmites and stalactites join.