1. Instructor: Çağrı Topal
BA 4216 Cross-cultural Studies in Organizations Leadership across cultures
Instructor: Çağrı Topal

2. Management vs. leadership
Formal-rational
Task-oriented (planning/budgeting, organizing/staffing, controlling/problem solving)
Leadership
Intuitional-rational
Person-oriented (establishing direction, aligning people, motivating/inspiring)

3. Leadership defined-1
The process of influencing people to direct their efforts toward a particular goal
Getting the best out of subordinates individually and collectively
Having a natural authority and respect of others, building effective teams and involving all team members, and giving advice when required
Effectively using strategic competencies, power, and influence to accomplish organizational goals

4. Leadership defined-2 Leadership is an influencing process
Leadership requires at least two people, a leader and a follower
Leadership occurs when attempting to achieve specific objectives or goals, either explicit or implied

5. Qualities of a leader Drive (achievement) Leadership Motivation
Honesty and integrity
Self-confidence
Cognitive ability
Knowledge of business

6. Major sources of leadership
Power vs. influence
Charismatic (e.g. American style)
Legal/rational or formal (e.g. German style)
Traditional (e.g. Japanese style)

7. Leadership behaviors and styles
Authoritarian
Paternalistic
Participative
Transactional
Transformational

8. Leadership theories: Theory X
People do not like to work
Workers avoid responsibility
Workers like to be directed
The primary need is job security
People should be controlled and coerced to work
Authoritarian and transactional leadership

9. Leadership theories: Theory Y
People are good and trustworthy
Workers demand autonomy and responsibility
Work is as natural as play or rest
Workers exercise self-control if they are committed and motivated
Creativity and ingenuity are widely distributed throughout the population
Participative and transformational leadership

10. Leadership theories: Cultural relativity
Style adaptive to culture
Culturally contingent approach
How authority is organized
What authority is based on

11. Leadership in the US Goal orientation and informal
Social mobility through hard work
Time and efficiency concerns
Getting things done
Helping subordinates to solve problems
Relatively democratic style

12. Leadership in the Arab world
Male-dominated
Paternalist and tribal
Ottoman-based bureaucratic structure
Sheikhocracy
Personal autocracy
Conformity to rules and regulations

13. Leadership in Japan Reciprocity Paternalistic Consensus
Professional qualities

14. Leadership in France Hierarchical Elitist Charismatic Less specialized
Centralized

15. Leadership in Russia
Centralized
Seniority
Autocratic
Bureaucratic