1. South Dakota State University North Dakota State University
Sustainable Feedstocks for an Oilseed Based Biofuel Industry in the Dakotas
K. Grady, T. Nleya, K. Muthukumarappan, B. Karki, U. Lohani
South Dakota State University
B. Johnson
North Dakota State University
© 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org

2. © 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org
Project Objectives
Evaluate oilseed crops for seed yield and oil production.
Determine the oil profiles of each crop and evaluate suitability for biofuel production.
Evaluate potential profitability for each oilseed crop.
Design producer education programs and disseminate production information
Develop industrial and producer partnerships that will position the team for nationally competitive grants.
© 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org

3. Evaluation of Oilseed Crops
Seven oilseed crops, 2 varieties each, 8 locations, 2 years (2012 & 2013)
Fall-Planted
Winter camelina
Field pennycress
Spring-Planted
Flax
Mustard (brown, yellow)
Canola (juncea and napus)
Crambe
Safflower
© 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org

4. © 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org
Eight Locations
* Minot
USGS Ecoregions
North Dakota
* Carrington
* Prosper
* Hettinger
* Bison
South Dakota
* Pierre
* Brookings
* Wall
© 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org

5. © 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org
Winter Oilseed Means
Mean yields across 8 environments (lbs/acre)
Crop
Variety
Variety 1
Variety 2
Means
Winter Camelina
684
613
649 a
Field Pennycress
250
333
292 b
Variety Means
467
473
470
LSD (.05) Crop = 151
LSD (.05) Variety (Crop) = 90
© 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org

6. Spring Oilseeds Highest-yielding Spring Crops by Location and Year
Year
State
Location
2012
2013 SD
Brookings
No Difference1
No Difference
Pierre
Flax1
Flax, Safflower
Bison
Safflower
Wall
Safflower2 ND
Minot
Mustard
Prosper
Hettinger
Crambe
Crambe, Flax
Carrington
Crambe, Safflower
1Safflower not tested
2Mustard, crambe and canola plots lost
The highest-yield crop varied with environment.
© 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org

7. Crop Evaluation Conclusions
Winter camelina out-yielded pennycress at all locations both years.
Spring oilseed performance varied by location.
ND locations yielded higher than SD for most crops.
B. napus canola (DK 30-42) out-yielded B. juncea canola (Oasis).
Safflower had the highest overall seed yield over 2 years.
© 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org

8. © 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org
Oil Evaluation
Extraction tests:
First-year results showed that hexane & ethyl acetate solvents gave the highest oil recovery.
Subsequent tests sought to optimize extraction conditions for these two solvents.
Extraction time of 90 minutes at 120°C maximized oil recovery for most oilseeds.
© 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org

9. Oil Recovered from 2013 SD-grown Oilseeds ASE, Hexane, 120°C, 90 min.
Highest amount of oil recovered from flax and DKL canola, lowest from crambe. Environment and variety differences.
© 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org

10. Oil Recovery via Cold Press from Oilseeds grown in SD in 2013
Highest oil recovery from canola and flax, lowest from crambe, but environment definitely had an influence, at least for some of the crops.
© 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org

11. Oil Recovered from ND-Grown Oilseeds ASE, Hexane, 100°C, 90 min.
Flax, canola and safflower had the highest oil contents, pennycress the lowest.
© 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org

12. Oil Yield (lbs/acre)= seed yield x oil %
Crop
Variety
Brookings
Pierre
Bison
Hettinger
Prosper
2012¹
2013²
2012³
2013³
Flax
Rahab 94
316
395
158
257
301
343
840
433 65
York --
297
248
152
359
650
390 28
Crambe
Meyer 35
167 70
102
Westhope
185 74
Canola
Oasis 80
389 10 71
250 34
DKL 30-42
368
605
213
108
273
555
282
Mustard
Kodiak
305
351
Pacific Gold
409
136
188
424
217
Centennial
262 22 94
471
319
138
Safflower
Cardinal
206
221
418
759
688
Hyb 1601
214
117
454
910
675
1Oil extraction method = ASE, Hexane, 90 minutes, 120 ºC.
2Oil extraction method = cold press, 0.22" die nozzle diameter at 0.20 Hz screw speed.
3Oil extraction method = ASE, Hexane, 90 minutes, 100 ºC.
I don’t have data on seed oil content from all of the locations, but this table shows the oil yield in lbs/acre for the locations where both seed yield and oil recovery data were available. Overall, the crops with highest seed yield gave the highest oil yields.
© 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org

13. Oil Recovery Conclusions
Amount of oil recovered from oilseeds was influenced by crop, variety, and environment.
Flax and canola had the highest seed oil contents in most environments, crambe and pennycress the lowest.
Crops with highest seed yield had the highest oil yield per acre.
© 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org

14. Oil Quality Parameters
Heating Value
Amount of heat released during combustion.
Higher values best for biofuels.
Density
Lower values best.
Viscosity
© 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org

15. Heating Value of Cold-Press Oil from Oilseeds Grown in SD in 2013
Crambe, mustard, and pennycress oils had the highest heating values from oilseeds grown in SD in 2013
© 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org

16. © 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org
Heating Value of Solvent-Extracted Oils from Oilseeds Grown at Hettinger and Prosper, ND
Heating value of oil varied with crop and the environment in which it was produced, but averaged over environments, mustard and safflower had the highest heating value.
© 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org

17. © 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org
Density of Solvent-Extracted Oils from Oilseeds Grown at Hettinger and Prosper, ND
Oil density varied with environment. No clear difference in crop.
© 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org

18. Viscosity of Cold-Press Oil from Seven Oilseeds Grown in SD in 2013
Viscosity of cold press oil not influenced greatly by environment. Flax oil least viscous, crambe oil most viscous.
© 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org

19. Oil Quality Conclusions
Heating value of oil varied with crop and environment.
Oil from crambe, mustard, pennycress and safflower had highest heating value.
Oil density also varied with production environment.
No clear differences between crops in oil density.
© 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org

20. © 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org
Conclusions (cont.)
Oil viscosity seemed less influenced by environment.
Flax oil was least viscous.
Crambe oil was most viscous.
© 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org

21. © 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org
Economic Analysis
Gross Revenue = Marketing year average price for each crop multiplied by crop yield.
Used the yield of the highest-yielding variety of each crop at each location.
Costs of production estimated using NDSU Extension Farm Management Planning Guides.
Return = Gross revenue – Cost of production.
© 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org

22. 2012 Returns to Labor & Management
Using the yield of the highest-yielding variety of each crop, the marketing year average prices, and cost values from NDSU extension Farm Mgmt Planning guides, the potential return per acre for 4 of the oilseed crops is shown here. Safflower and mustard gave positive returns at all the ND environments in Flax gave a very low or negative return at all locations and canola returns were mixed.
Source of cost values: Swenson, A. and R. Haugen Projected 2012 crop budgets, east central and north central North Dakota. Farm Mgmt Planning Guide. NDSU Ext.
© 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org

23. 2013 Returns to Labor & Management
In 2013, canola gave a negative return at all locations. Safflower and mustard gave positive returns at most locations.
Source of cost values: Swenson, A. and R. Haugen Projected 2013 crop budgets, east central and north central North Dakota. Farm Mgmt Planning Guide. NDSU Ext.
© 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org

24. © 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org
Next Steps
Finish evaluation of potential profitability of each crop.
Prepare the final Sun Grant report.
Submit manuscript(s) for publication.
Apply for additional grant funding.
SD Oilseeds Council.
USDA Biomass Research and Development Initiative (BRDI).
© 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org

25. © 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org
Questions?
© 2013 Board of Regents, South Dakota State University, iGrow.org