1. NIFISA 3rd Seminar Kanoya/Japan, March 9, „Sport Policy“ Professor Dr. Walter Tokarski, German Sport University
Prof. Dr. Walter Tokarski

2. Structure of the presentation
Some Basics
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Definitions
1.3 Operationalization
1.4 Regulation and Governance
National sport structures
2.1 Germany
European sport structures
3.1 European Union
3.2 European Council

3. 1.1 Introduction:
Sport policy - a fuzzy term: There are as many definitions as authors and studies
Sport policy - a neglected scientific area
Sport policy - not systematically analyzed until today
> The field of sport policy is a broad and complex subject:
The term sport policy is used to describe and to analyze the policy of the state, of sport associations and institutions, of clubs, of the media, of the sport industry, of sport lobbyists, of the lottery, of volunteers and – of course – of the athletes - all this on international, national, regional and local level.

4. There are not only diverse connections between the mentioned categories and levels but also different perspectives concerning the role of sport have to be considered too. Sport can be regarded . . .
. . . as an autonomous area
. . . as a political symbol
. . . as field of active and passive action
. . . as national matter
. . . as international matter
. . . as a political vehicle or tool .
To sum up:
Sport policy is a very complex business with many actors on the field

5. 1.2 How can sport policy be defined? (Part 1)
International studies show . . .
. . that sport policy is in most of the cases ideologically orientated – it depends on the structure of the state in which it is embeded (democratic vs. totalitarian structures or centralized vs. decentralized structures)
. . that sport policy is primarily regarded as part of national domestic policy and national foreign policy
. . that sport policy is played by many actors of all categories and on all levels (sport, economy, media, politics etc.)
. . that sport policy has become an important vehicle of politics to fullfill societal task and to develop society

6. 1.2 How can sport policy be defined? (Part 2)
1. Governmental definition:
. . all actions of the state concerning sport (German Encyclopedia)
2. Institutional definition:
. . all actions of institutions from politics, sport and society which are connected with the planning, the development and/or the instrumentalization of sport (Gueldenpfennig 1981)
3. Stakeholder definition
. . all actions of actors from politics, sport and society which are connected with the planning, the development and/or the instrumentalization of sport in the form of enacting law and regulations as well as to develop programmes and types of intervention (Groll 2005)

7. 1.3 How can sport policy be operationalized?
Sport policy has three dimensions which are strongly linked together:
Dimension 1: All institutions, organisations/federations, actors and their positions within the national and international sport system as well as their constitutions, statutes and the law are contents of this dimension, i.e. all institutions/actors who are involved in decisions > polity dimension
Dimension 2: The decision processes governed by the interests of the institutions/actors as well as the way of realization and implementation of contents, objectives and interests are contents of this dimension > politics dimension
Dimension 3: The objects and objectives of political programmes and intervention processes as well as the task to be fullfilled by the actors are contents of this dimension > policy dimension

8. The developed scheme can be used to analyze . . .
Sport policy is policy on the field of sport to guarantee successful outcomes and to produce spheres of freedom in which the great potential of sport can be developed to the full
The developed scheme can be used to analyze . . .
> elite sport > local sport
> sport for all > regional sport
> school sport > national sport
> recreational sport > European sport
> sport and health > other international sport
> > .
to show how sport policy functions.

9. 1.4 Regulation and Governance
Regulation, de-regulation
Governing Governance
Regulation Global governance
Central regulation Corporate governance
De-regulation
Public-private-cooperation
Self regulation
Controlling
Governance means the total sum of all ways on which individuals, public and private institutions arrange and/or regulate their common matters. It is a continuous process in which opposing or different interests become balanced and cooperative actions are initiated (Development and Peace Foundation 1995).

10. 2.1 National sport structures: Germany
The system of sport organization in Germany
2.1 National sport structures: Germany
Chart 1: Organization of Sport in Germany
Prof. mult. Dr. Walter Tokarski 3

11. German sport is characterized by following principles:
Autonomy is a basic right for German sport
There is no direct legislation for sport in Germany (except doping:
new 2015)
The state has no mandate for sport
Sport federations/organisations/clubs have the right of self governance
Control is only given through financial incentives

12. Promotional strategies for sport: examples on federal and regional level  Regional Level
Chart 1: Organization of Sport in Germany
Prof. mult. Dr. Walter Tokarski 13

13. Distribution of competences and administrative responsibility in German sport system
National Elite sport, Olympic centres, national coaches,
army sport, sport of the handicapped
Regional School sport, recreational sport, sport facilities
(together with the communities)
Local Sport facilities (together with the regional sport
authorities), clubs
Example: Hamburg bidding for Olympic Games 2024

14. 3.1 European sport structures: European Union
Twenty-seven member states
also mean
twenty-seven unique sport systems and countless aspects of sport developments in the EU
3.1 European sport structures: European Union

17. European Commission: DG Education and Culture
Die Struktur des Europäischen Sports
European Parliament:
Committee
European
Federations
EOC
ESMC
CDDS
National
Federations
NOC´s
Council of the European Union
European Union
ENGSO
Council of Europe
ESC
National
Sports
Confederations
European Commission: DG Education and Culture
European Sports Forum
Sportministers of GO´s
National Governments

18. The White Paper on Sport (2007)
First initial document which covers all aspects of sport
Tries to give sport in Europe a strategic direction
Increases the visibility of sport within the EU policy, makes aware of the needs and the characteristics and the special quality of the sport sector and gives visions of suitable actions on EU level
The White Paper:
- describes the societal role of sport
describes the economic role of sport
the organisation of sport
discusses further actions

19. The societal role of sport in the EU
To improve public health through physical activity
To fight against doping
To expand the role of sport in education
To support volunteerism and develop civil society through sport
To use the potential of sport for social integration
To protect sport against racism and violence
To support the development of European values
To support sustainable development

20. The economic role of sport in the EU
To emphasize the economic significance of sport
To make the financial support of sport safe
To secure media rights
To fight against corruption, money laundering and financial crime
To support local and regional development
To support employment in sport
To solve problems of taxation in sport
To solve problems of subventions in sport

21. Although the national sport systems are autonomous
(subsidiarity!) there are some aspects which can or should be solved on European level, i.e.
Doping sanctions
Freedom of movement, mobility and national status
Transfer rules
Role of players agents
Licence system for clubs
Discrimination in sport
Manipulation of football games
Betting .

22. The White Paper (2007) is still in power but there are a number of initiatives working on the improvement of the paper and add ons:
Better cooperation in Europe especially more dialogues among the actors – new Sport Intergroup of the European Parliament established 2014
New EU Agenda and action plans planned
New projects especially in the societal and the health area
Emphasize the roles of Recreational and school sport
More direct sport actions as symbols for European activities in sport like the „European Week of Sport“ in September 2015

23. 3.2 European sport structures: European Council

25. Thank you very much