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Key terms Time-space compression
A set of processes leading to a ‘shrinking world’ caused by reductions in the relative distance between places, e.g. travel time. A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES
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Key terms Greenfield site
Land not previously built on and on which new developments are proposed or constructed. A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES
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Key terms Housing tenure
The system under which housing is occupied, e.g. owner-occupiers or tenants renting from a landlord. A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES
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Key terms Household One person living alone, or a group of people (not necessarily related) living at the same address. A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES
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Key terms Knowledge economy
Wealth creating activities that gather, store and analyse knowledge, e.g. high-tech manufacturing, finance, telecommunications, business services, design, education and health. A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES
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Key terms Ghetto Concentration of people with similar socio-economic, cultural or ethnic background within a well-defined small part of an urban area. A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES
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Key terms Diaspora The spread of an ethnic or national group from their homeland, e.g. Jews from Israel or Kurds from Kurdistan. A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES
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Key terms Spatial inequality
The unequal distribution of factors such as income, education or health across geographic space at any scale. A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES
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Key terms Gini coefficient
A statistical measure of the degree of similarity between two sets of percentage data. A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES
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Key terms Informal sector
Those parts of the economy outside official recognition and record. People do not need formal qualifications to be employed in it, neither is there regulation of it. A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES
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Key terms Disposable income
The proportion of a person’s income that is left after essentials such as housing, food, clothing, heating and taxes have been paid. A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES
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Key terms Millennium Development Goals
Targets set by the UN in 2000 to improve people’s lives in areas such as child mortality, gender equality, poverty and hunger. A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES
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Key terms Global shift The locational movement of manufacturing production in particular from ACs to EDCs and LIDCs from the 1970s onwards A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES
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Key terms New International Division of Labour
Reorganisation of production at the global scale, as a result of deindustrialisation in advanced countries and the global spread of MNCs. This has produced an overall pattern of higher-paid managerial jobs in ACs and lower-paid labouring jobs in LIDCs. A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES
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Key terms Economic restructuring
The change in proportions of people working in various economic sectors, e.g. the change in ACs from secondary to tertiary employment. A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES
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Key terms Primary sector
Economic activities that produce food, fuel and raw materials, e.g. agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining, quarrying and water supplies. A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES
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Key terms Secondary sector
Economic activities involving manufacturing industries, e.g. processing raw materials, making semi-finished and finished goods. A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES
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Key terms Post-industrial
A society and economy no longer dominated by the secondary sector but one where the great majority of people are involved in tertiary activities. A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES
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Key terms Tertiary sector
Economic activities providing services, e.g. education and health, legal, financial, insurance, government. A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES
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Key terms Quaternary sector
Economic activities that provide services to other economic activities, e.g. finance, research and development, advertising and consultancy. A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES
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Key terms Multiplier effect
The process by which a new or expanding economic activity in an area creates additional employment as its employees have money to spend on goods and services. As the wealth of an area increases it stimulates more economic activity. A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES
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Key terms Comparative advantage
The principle that countries or regions benefit from specialising in an economic activity in which they are relatively more efficient or skilled. A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES
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Key terms Capitalist The socio-economic system in which production of goods and services takes place to generate profit. A key driving force in the system is people’s desire for gain and self-interest. A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES
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Key terms Core region An area where economic activity is concentrated and living standards are relatively high. A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES
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Key terms Venture capital
Investment in small or medium sized enterprises involving relatively high levels of risk but with the potential for significant gains. The enterprises are those not yet secure enough to raise their own finance. A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES
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Key terms Key settlement
Rural settlement where services (e.g. schools, doctors’ surgeries, shops) are concentrated to meet thresholds that will ensure their economic viability. A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES
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Key terms Threshold The minimum number of people or spending required to support a good or service. A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES
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Key terms Edge city Substantial urban development on the fringe of an existing conurbation. They are often formally planned and are relatively self-sufficient. A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES
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Key terms Player Individual or organisation with an interest and or influence in actions, decisions or operations. Also known as a stakeholder. A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES
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Key terms Comprehensive redevelopment
The planning and rebuilding of a substantial part of an urban area involving the demolition of nearly all of the previous buildings and infrastructure. A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES
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Key terms Green belt Zone of predominantly rural land use on the periphery of an urban area where strict controls on development apply. A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES
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Key terms Geographic Information Systems (GIS
Integrated computer tools for gathering, storing, processing and analysing geographical data that can be plotted on maps. A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES
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Key terms Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
Inward investment by a foreign company (usually a large TNC) in a country. A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES
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Key terms Rebranding Developments aimed at changing negative perceptions of a place, making it more attractive to investment. A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES
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Key terms Reimaging Developments associated with rebranding and usually involving cultural, artistic or sporting elements. A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES
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Key terms Gentrification
Process by which former low-income inner city housing districts in ACs are invaded by higher-income groups and refurbished. A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES
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