1. PROLOG – PROgamming in LOGic Early 1970s- programming language.
TS Chapter 1: introduction to Prolog
What is PROLOG ??
PROLOG – PROgamming in LOGic
Early 1970s- programming language.
Robert Kowalski(Edinburgh) in theory aspect & Colmersuer(Marseilles) in implementation aspect.
Associated with mantic logic and it is a programming language for symbolic calculation and non-numeric

2. Prolog algorithm consists of logic and control
TS Chapter 1: introduction to Prolog
Most suitable – solve the problems associated with the objects and relationships between objects, pattern matching problem, back tracking problem and incomplete problems.
Prolog algorithm consists of logic and control
Logic - fact and rules that describe what should be done by algorithm
Control - a way algorithm can be implemented by using the rules
syntax in clause form or First Order Predicate Logic formula.

3. Clause:- parent(siti,abu). parent (ali,abu). parent (ali,rini).
TS Chapter 1: introduction to Prolog
Clause:-
parent(siti,abu).
parent (ali,abu).
parent (ali,rini).
parent (abu,ani).
parent (abu,alia).
parent (alia,mat).
parent (rini,adri).
siti
ali
abu
rini
ani
alia
adri
mat
Figure 1.1 Family Tree

4. Qs:- ?-parent(abu,alia). ?-parent(rini,alia). ?-parent(ali,ahmad).
TS Chapter 1: introduction to Prolog
Qs:-
?-parent(abu,alia).
?-parent(rini,alia).
?-parent(ali,ahmad).
?-parent(X,rini).
?-parent(abu,X).
?-parent(X,Y).

5. TS2023 Chapter 1: introduction to Prolog
Complex Qs:-
Who are parents of Mat? Assume Y.
Who are parents of Y? Assume Y. X
Grandfather/ Grandmother Y
mat

6. TS2023 Chapter 1: introduction to Prolog
Statement in Prolog:-
?-parent(Y,mat),parent(X,Y).
Question 2
Who are parents of Ani? Assume X.
Are parents (X) same with parents for alia?
?-parent(X,ani),parent(X,alia).

7. Extra Example:- : Aliya and Hasan world. Power_Ranger is a toy.
TS Chapter 1: introduction to Prolog
Extra Example:-
: Aliya and Hasan world.
Power_Ranger is a toy.
Snoopy is a toy.
Aliya play with Snoopy.
Aliya likes every toy that she play with.
Hasan likes what Aliya likes.
Terjemahan dlm prolog
toy(power_ranger).
toy(snoopy).
play(aliya,snoopy).
likes(aliya,X):-toy(X),play(aliya,X).
likes(hasan,Y):-likes(aliya,Y).

8. Fact – represents a unit of information which always true.
TS Chapter 1: introduction to Prolog
Fact and rule
Fact – represents a unit of information which always true.
Example :-
Sky is blu sky(blue).
Today is raining today(raining).
Sim likes apple likes(sim,apple).

9. X dan Y are friends if there is a Z where X likes Z and Y likes Z.
TS Chapter 1: introduction to Prolog
Control – a relationship between facts by using the logical implications‘:-’.
Example:-
X dan Y are friends if there is a Z where X likes Z and Y likes Z.
Prolog statement
Sim loves book loves(sim,book).
Siti loves book loves(siti,book).
friends(sim,siti):-loves(sim,book),loves(siti,book).

10. Expansion the program using rules Example:-
TS Chapter 1: introduction to Prolog
Expansion the program using rules
Example:-
Include the gender as additional information
female(Siti).
male(ali).
male(abu).
female(rini). ……

11. mother(X,Y):- parent(X,Y),female(X).
TS Chapter 1: introduction to Prolog
Example:-
For every X and Y,
X is mother of Y if
X is parent of Y and
X is female.
Prolog statement
mother(X,Y):- parent(X,Y),female(X).

12. Individual exercise
Please make a family tree program respectively.
Genealogies should have:
Uncle & aunty
son & daughter
Grandmother & grandfather
Grandchild
Great-grandmother & great-grandfather
Second cousin
Mother in law / father in law
Daughter in law
Extra mark untuk extra predikat.