1. Revolution + Nationalism
Ch 30

2. Russia U.S.S.R. Rule of the Czars
Russia was an autocracy (a gov.’t in which the ruler has unlimited power + uses it in an arbitrary manner)
Anyone who questioned the czar’s authority, spoke a language other than Russian, or didn’t practice the Russian Orthodox Christian faith was considered dangerous
Jews were especially persecuted
When Czar Nicholas II came into power, Russia was modernizing, but it was still behind Western Europe
He rapidly industrialized Russia
Led to bad living + working conditions which angered many Russians

3. A group that followed the views of Karl Marx formed
of the Bolsheviks
A group that followed the views of Karl Marx formed
They believed industrial workers (proletariat) would overthrow the czar
The radical Bolsheviks were willing to sacrifice everything to make that change
Led by Vladimir Lenin
“Comrade Lenin Cleanses the Earth of Filth”, a Communist poster from     

4. Crises Cause the Czar to Lose Support
1. Russo-Japanese War ( )
Loses angered Russians
2. Bloody Sunday (Jan. 22, 1905)
200,000 workers + their families marched to the czar’s palace w/ a petition asking for better working conditions, more personal freedoms, + an elected national legislature
Czar’s generals ordered soldiers to fire on the crowd + hundreds died
Provoked violence + so Czar Nicholas II granted more personal freedom + created the Duma (Russian parliament) - which he would later dissolve

5. 3. WWI – Russians suffered numerous defeats + casualties
4. Rasputin, a corrupt “holy man” was able to treat Prince Alexis (heir to the Russian throne) for his hemophilia. B/c of that, while the czar was fighting in WWI, the czarina let Rasputin make important political decisions
He was despised by Russians + murdered

6. The March Revolution
200,000 workers go out into the streets + protest the gov.’t
Soldiers will side w/ them
Led to revolution + the abdication of Czar Nicholas II (last czar of Russia)
A provisional gov.’t (temporary gov.’t) was established. It was weak + kept Russia in WWI

7. The Bolshevik Revolution
( ) Lenin returned to Russia + led the Bolsheviks. They toppled the provisional gov.’t + took over
Signed truce w/ Germany + surrendered a lot of land
Russians angry + civil war breaks out
The Red Army (Lenin’s Bolsheviks) fought against the White Army (Some supported a czarist gov.’t, some wanted democracy, + some were socialists who didn’t like Lenin)
14 mil Russians die from war + famine
Red Army won

8. Lenin ordered the deaths of the czar + his family
Formation of the U.S.S.R.
Lenin revived economy by establishing a socialist economy (system in which the gov.’t controls major industries)
Lenin ordered the deaths of the czar + his family
Lenin reorganized gov.’ts w/in the country + renames Russia the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR or Soviet Union)
Bolsheviks rename themselves the Communist Party
End Section 1

9. 30.2

10. Joseph Stalin takes power of USSR after Lenin + establishes a totalitarian state…
Totalitarianism
A gov.’t that takes total, centralized, state control over every aspect of public + private life
Totalitarian leaders appear to provide a sense of security + give direction for the future
Challenges the highest values of Western democracies (reason, freedom, human dignity, + worth of individuals)

11. Characteristics of a totalitarian gov.’t include:
Police Terror – crush opposition, spy + intimidate, often use brutal methods
Indoctrination – instruction in the gov.’t’s beliefs (control education to glorify the leader, his policies, + establish loyalty)
Propaganda + Censorship – gov.’t controls media + only shows info that reflects positively on the gov.’t (much of it is lies)
Religious or Ethnic Persecution – often create “enemies of the state” (someone to blame for any of the gov.’t’s failures), usually a member of a minority group who are often subjected to campaigns of terror

12. Stalin Builds a Totalitarian State
His secret police monitored phone lines, read mail, + planted informers everywhere
In 1934, he launched the Great Purge, a campaign of terror to eliminate anyone who threatened his power (real or imagined)
“enemies” were found guilty of “crimes against the state” + sent to labor camps or executed
Controlled all sources of media + the arts – had to glorify Stalin + the USSR
Controlled education from nursery schools to college
Tried to achieve a atheist state by persecuting different faiths (many still clung to their religious beliefs though)

13. Stalin Controls the Economy
Proclaimed that USSR was far behind western powers in development + tried to close the gap quickly
Established a command economy (system where the gov.’t makes all economic decisions)
Sought to speed up industrialization w/ the 1st 5-year plan (plan for the development of the USSR). It set impossibly high goals for production for items like steel, coal, oil, etc…
Led to shortages of consumer goods, + although most goals weren’t met, many gains were made.
Launched a 2nd 5-year plan w/ similar results
Also sought to control agricultural production
Seized private farms + combined them into large, gov.’t owned farms called collective farms. The crops were given to the state to redistribute

14. People became better educated + mastered new technical skills
Effects on Society
+ Effects:
People became better educated + mastered new technical skills
Women were treated more equally
Many held important jobs (but typically not the best jobs)
- Effects:
Personal freedoms limited, shortage of consumer goods, dissent prohibited
Women, in addition to holding a full time job, were still responsible for all housework + childcare
End Section 2