1. Study Unit 4

2. How to use these slides? While working through these slides:
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Ask questions if there is anything you do not understand.
These slides do not cover the entire chapter, only some of the important points. Make sure you also study the other parts as stipulated by your study guide.
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11th ed. page
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4. Hecksher-Ohlin theory.
FPT is presented in 2 theorems
H-O theorem
Factor price equalization theorem
FPT extends the classical theory by explaining the reasons for the differences in relative commodity prices and comparative advantage and also allows the analysis of the effect of international trade on factor prices within and across nations.

5. Assumptions of the FPT
2 countries, 2 homogeneous factors of production (L and K) and 2 homogenous goods, X and Y.
Technology is the same in both countries.
Both commodities in both countries have constant returns to scale.
The two commodities have different factor intensities.
Taste and preference are the same in both countries.
Perfect competition exists in both commodities, countries and factor markets.
Factors are mobile within each country but not between.
There are no transport costs or barriers to trade
There is complete specialization in production on both nations.
All resources are fully employed
International trade is balance between the 2 nations

6. FPT explains the source of comparative advantage as being due to different factor endowments.
FPT states that a nation will export the commodity whose production requires the intensive use of its relatively abundant and cheap factor, and import the commodity whose production requires the intensive use of its relatively scarce and expensive factor.
Therefore labour abundant nations will export labour intensive goods and import capital intensive goods. Vice versa for capital abundant nations

7. Do the following true or false questions
Different commodities need not necessarily use different combinations of factors of production, according to the factor proportions theory.
The factor proportions theory assumes that the relative prices of factors of production differ between countries.
In a country with relatively abundant labour and little capital, wage levels are higher relative to the price of capital.
The factor proportions theory assumes that goods can generally be classified according to the factor proportions used in their production

8. Factor intensity This is a relative measure.
A commodity is factor intensive if it uses more of that particular factor per unit of the other factor than the other commodity.
Given 2 commodities, X & Y and 2 factors of production (L & K), commodity Y is said to be capital intensive if producing 1 unit of Y requires more capital than labour as compared to commodity X.

9. Factor intensity: commodity Y is capital intensive if…
…the capital-labour ratio used in the production of Y…
…is greater…
…than the capital- labour ratio of used in the production of X
𝐾 𝐿 𝑌> 𝐾 𝐿 𝑋

10. Another example
If one unit of good Y requires 8 units of capital (8K) and 4 units of labour (4L), the capital labour ratio in Y is 2. At the same time 1 unit of commodity X requires 10 units of capital (10K) and 6 units of labour (6L), the capital labour ratio is 1.6, then good Y is capital intensive while good X is labour intensive.

11. Do the following true or false questions
Factor intensity reversals are quite common and thus invalidate the factor proportions theory.
Constant returns to scale means that output increases in the same proportion as an increase in the factors of production.
The factor proportions theory predicts that relative factor intensities differ between commodities and that this difference is consistent between countries.

12. Factor abundance (see figure 5.2)
Is defined in two ways:
Physical abundance:
If the (TK/TL)1> (TK/TL)2, then Nation 1 is capital abundant.
Relative factor prices:
Nation 1 will be capital abundant if the ratio of rental price to price of labour is less in nation 1 than nation 2. i.e. if (r/w)1< (r/w)2
Question!
If (TK/TL)1<(TK/TL)2, what does it mean?

13. The Pattern of Trade and the Gains from Trade
It implies the same pattern of trade and gains from trade, based on comparative advantage, as the classical theory.
Comparative advantage is now explained in terms of relative factor abundance and factor intensity.
The factor proportions theory predicts that countries will specialise in and export those commodities which use large amounts of its relatively abundant and cheap factors of production (the commodities in which it has a comparative advantage) and that it will import commodities which need large amounts of its relatively scarce and expensive factors. This is known as the H-O theorem.

14. Illustration of the H-O theoryX
Follow figure 5.4 on pg. 114 with animations
The PPF of two countries are shown on the following graph.

15. Indifference curve I is tangent to Nation 1's PPF at A and Nation 2's PPF at A`Y X I
This shows the no trade equilibrium commodity price. Since A`>A, Nation 2 has a comparative advantage in Commodity Y and Nation 1 in Commodity X
● A`
● A
Nation 2
Nation 1

16. I2 is tangent at B` for Nation 2 and at B for Nation 1
However, if nations trade they can reach a higher Indifference curve (I2) Y X I2 I
I2 is tangent at B` for Nation 2 and at B for Nation 1
● B`
● A`
● A
● B
Nation 2
Nation 1

17. Further implications of the factor proportions theory
Factor - price equalization and income distribution (H- O-S)
The factor price equalization (H-O-S) theorem states that: International trade will bring about equalisation in the relative and absolute returns to homogenous factors of production across nations.
The Stolper-Samuelson Theorem
This theorem states that the internal distribution of income will change in favor of each country's relatively abundant factor of production.

18. Criticisms of the FPT
The theory has little relevance to the real world (Leontief paradox).
It is based on inter-industry trade and ignores intra-industry trade.
The assumption that tastes are identical in all trading countries may not apply at all.
The theory cannot explain the pattern of trade where countries specialize in the same commodity.

19. Continue…
The assumption of no transport costs is an oversimplification
Assumptions of perfect competition, constant returns to scale and identical technology do not hold in practice.
Different technologies may be employed by the country to produce the same good.
The qualitative homogeneity of factors is questionable, especially for labour where there are different skill levels.
There is a possibility of factor intensity reversals.

20. Alternative Theories of Trade (New trade Theories)
Intra-industry trade
Inter-industry trade refers to trade in homogeneous products
Intra-industry trade refers to a two-way trade in differentiated products, e.g. Motor vehicles.
A large portion of international trade involves the exchange of differentiated products.

21. New trade Theories contd.
Technological gap model (Posner, 1961)
Innovation through R&D leads to the introduction of new products and new processes
This gives the innovating firm and country temporary monopoly in the world markets before imitation takes place.
Such temporary monopoly is usually based on patents and copyrights, which are granted to stimulate inventions.
According to this theory, a firm exports a new product until imitators in other countries take away its market.

22. New trade Theories contd.
Product cycle model (Vernon, 1966, Hirsch, 1967)
This is an extension of the technological gap model.
According to this model, when a new product is introduced it usually requires highly skilled labour to produce.
As the product matures and acquires mass acceptance it becomes standardised
It can then be produced by mass production techniques and less skilled labour.
Therefore comparative advantage in the product shifts from the advanced nation that originally introduced it to less-advanced nations where labour is relatively cheaper.

23. New trade Theories contd.
Sector specific factors model.
2 sectors: Manufacturing and Agriculture
Agricultural sector uses land and labour,
Manufacturing sector uses labour and capital.
Land and capital are unique to the Agric and Manufacturing sectors respectively.
Labour is perfectly mobile between the sectors.
If the country is land abundant, then it has comparative advantage in agriculture.
With free trade, labour is moved from the Manufacturing sector to the Agric sector.
Owners of land will benefit, while owners of capital will lose out.

24. Do the following true or false questions
The Stolper-Samuelson theorem is that trade changes the internal distribution of income towards the relatively scarce and expensive factor of production.
The capital/labour ratio has been rising in most developed countries while falling in most developing countries.
The factor proportions theory predicts that a country will export commodities which require intensive use of its relatively scarce factor of production and import commodities which require intensive use of its relatively abundant factor.
Unlike the classical theory, the factor proportions theory implies that the gains from trade accrue only to the country with the lower comparative opportunity costs of production.
Standardisation is the way in which developed countries mass produce new products embodying the latest technology, for export to developing countries.

25. End of study unit 4