1. Psychological disorders (Chapter 16)
Second Lecture Outline:
Depression
Personality Disorders
Dissociative Identity Disorder

3. Mood Disorders Unipolar depression
10-20% depressed at some point in life
multiple causes
low self-esteem, loss of motivation, pessimism
women > men
Bipolar disorder
1% of population
genetically mediated
depressive and manic symptoms
mania related to high energy and shifts of attention

4. Symptoms of depression
Persistent sad, anxious, or "empty" mood
Loss of interest or pleasure in activities
Restlessness, irritability, crying
Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, helplessness, hopelessness
Sleeping disruption, early-morning awakening
Appetite and/or weight loss or overeating and weight gain
Decreased energy, fatigue, feeling "slowed down"
Thoughts of death or suicide
Difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions

5. Causes of Depression
Attachment explanations: Depression results from loss of a significant relationship
Behavioral: Learned helplessness due to uncontrollable punishment. Dogs.
Cognitive: Beck’s errors in thinking
Arbitrary inference “They hate me.”
Selective abstraction “Lawn has weeds”
Stability “I am a failure”
Lack of control: “Nothing I do will help my situation”

6. Psychophysiology of Depression
Low levels of neurotransmitters are linked to depression
Drugs affect serotonin reuptake (SRIs)
Prozac
Mania treated with lithium carbonate: mood-leveling drug
Epinephrine decreased during depression -- hormonal factors

7. Biological basis: NMR Scans

8. Who were the lambs, Clarice?

9. Personality Disorders
Stable & extreme personality features that affect happiness or adjustment
Examples:
Paranoid: suspicious of others
Borderline: Mood and self-image unstable
Narcissistic: Self-centred, no empathy
Histrionic: Dramatic, manipulative, shallow
Antisocial: Break law, cheat & lie, no concern for others, lack empathy, impulsive, brain involvement

10. Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative amnesia: Memory loss for specific events or people
Fugue: Total memory loss after stress, relocation and starting a new life
Dissociative Identity Disorder (MPD)
two or more identities that coexist
associated with child trauma such as abuse
abused children “leave their bodies”
hearing voices