1. Forensic Science International
Experimental study of the coupling parameters influencing the terminal effects of thoracic blunt ballistic impacts 
Julien Pavier, André Langlet, Nicolas Eches, Nicolas Prat, Patrice Bailly, Jean-François Jacquet 
Forensic Science International 
Volume 252, Pages (July 2015)
DOI: /j.forsciint
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2. Fig. 1 Input force Fe and output force Fs vs. time (sample 23).
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3. Fig. 2
Strain-rate of 780s−1 (a) and stress–strain curves (b) of the three materials.
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4. Fig. 3 Dynamic and static hysteresis.
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5. Fig. 4 Kinematic of the 40mm caliber projectiles 22L and 23L.
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6. Fig. 5
Influence of the projectile characteristics on the impact force on a rigid wall.
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7. Fig. 6
The peak force of projectiles 22S, 23S, 23L, plotted vs. the impact velocity.
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8. Fig. 7
Mounting of the biological surrogate and schematic view of the experimental bench.
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9. Fig. 8
Speckle and size of the area defined for the image correlation process (a). 3-D reconstruction (b) and (c) plane views of the normal displacement field W of the rear side of the lateral TW (23S – 50J). The spine is at the bottom of the image. The white line follows the impacted rib.
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10. Fig. 9
Displacement profiles (TW) created by the 23L projectiles (kinetic energy is 50J) obtained after image correlation (transverse line).
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11. Fig. 10
Displacement profiles (TW) created by the 23S projectiles (kinetic energy is 50J) obtained after image correlation (transverse line).
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12. Fig. 11
Displacement profiles (TW) created by the 22S projectiles (kinetic energy is 50J) obtained after image correlation (transverse line).
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13. Fig. 12 Typical views of the rib response showing the fracture.
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14. Fig. 13
Accelerations of the ribs and of the three projectile bases (absolute values).
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15. Fig. 14 Acceleration (a) and velocity (b) of the projectile base.
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16. Fig. 15
Deformed shapes of the rib obtained from the acceleration measurements (a) 23S – 89J, (b) 23L – 90J. Corresponding impulse histories and events (c).
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17. Fig. 16
Examples of impulse histories (a) and comprehensive plot of I (b) (the star symbols indicate the values corresponding to rib fractures).
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18. Fig. 17
The local maximal displacement Wmax vs. the pre-impact momentum Q0 (a), (b), and vs. the pre-impact kinetic energy Ec (c), (d). Results (c) and (d) were obtained with living pigs in the study of [11].
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