1. Chicago’s Notes and Bibliography Formatting and Style Guide
Welcome to “Chicago’s Notes and Bibliography Formatting and Style Guide.” This PowerPoint presentation is designed to introduce your students to the basics of Chicago’s notes and bibliography formatting and style. You might want to supplement the presentation with more detailed information posted on Purdue OWL
Brought to you by the Purdue Online Writing Lab

2. What is Chicago Style?
The University of Chicago’s The Chicago Manual of Style, sixteenth edition, is a reference book that covers the publishing process, style and usage, and two systems of documentation: notes and bibliography and author-date references. It is geared toward publishing professionals and is the source of documentation guidelines in this presentation. Kate L. Turabian’s A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, seventh edition, presents Chicago style for students and researchers. It is the source of formatting guidelines in this presentation. Though the two texts mirror one another in the majority of their recommendations, Turabian’s text provides more specific standards for students that would otherwise be regulated by individual journals in the field.

3. Stylistics and document format
What does Chicago
Regulate?
Chicago regulates:
Stylistics and document format
In-text citations (notes)
End-of-text citations (bibliography)
This slide presents three basic areas regulated by Chicago that students need to be aware of—stylistics and document format, in-text citations (notes), and end-of-text citations (bibliography). The following slides provide detailed explanations regarding each area.

4. Direct quotations should:
Be integrated into your text in a grammatically correct manner;
Use square brackets ([ ]), when necessary, to add clarifying words, phrases, or punctuation; and
Use “ellipses,” or three spaced periods (. . .), to indicate the omission of words from a quoted passage.
Include additional punctuation when applicable.
The first word in a direct quotation should be capitalized if it begins a sentence, even if it was not capitalized in the original quotation (and vice versa). This can be done “silently” (without demarcation) if it does not affect the meaning of the quoted material; otherwise, indicate the change by placing square brackets around the newly capitalized or lowercased letter.
Use square brackets and ellipses carefully as borrowed material should always reflect the meaning of the original source; therefore, before altering a direct quotation, ask yourself if you might just as easily paraphrase or weave one or more shorter quotations into the text.

5. “We saw The Beetles [sic] on Ed Sullivan.”
Quotations, cont.
“Sic” is italicized and put in square brackets immediately after a word that is misspelled or otherwise wrongly used in the original quotation.
“We saw The Beetles [sic] on Ed Sullivan.”
A colon (formal) or a comma (informal) can be used to introduce a direct quotation.
Lucas has argued: “…”
After several years, “…”
Sic” is usually only necessary when the mistake is more likely to be charged to the transcriptionist than to the author of the original quotation.

6. Apply sentence-style capitalization by request.
Use headline-style capitalization for titles in the text, notes, and bibliography.
Capitalize the first word of the title and subtitle and all important words, including proper nouns.
“Capitalization is Important: Know your Rules”
Apply sentence-style capitalization by request.
Follow the guidelines above but exclude the important words that are not proper nouns.
Otherwise, take a minimalist approach to capitalization.
Lowercase terms used to describe periods, for example, except in the case of proper nouns
“the colonial period,” vs. “the Victorian era”
Although Chicago takes a minimalist approach to capitalization (or what they call “down” style),The Chicago Manual of Style (16th ed.) dedicates an entire chapter to capitalization guidelines. To discover the various areas of capitalization that Chicago regulates, view the index to chapter 8, “Names and Terms,” at

7. Chicago recommends you: print on standard-sized paper (8.5” x 11”);
General Format
Requirements
Chicago recommends you:
print on standard-sized paper (8.5” x 11”);
use 1”– 1.5” margins on all sides;
choose a readable typeface (e.g., Times New Roman) at no less than 10 pt. (preferably,12 pt.);
double-space text, with one space after punctuation between sentences; and
number pages beginning with Arabic numeral 1 on the first page of text.
This slide presents the general format of a Chicago-styled paper:
The text should be typed and printed on standard-sized paper (8.5” x 11”) and should include consistent margins of no less than 1” and no greater than 1.5” on all sides. Chicago recommends a “readable” font, such as Times New Roman or Palatino, and prefers that works be written in 12 pt. (although they will accept 10 pt.). All text in the paper is to be double-spaced with the exception of the following items, which are to be single-spaced: block quotations, table titles and figure captions, footnotes or endnotes, and bibliography or reference list entries. Only one space should follow end-of-sentence punctuation. Page numbers should begin on the first page of text (not on the title page) and should be written in Arabic numerals beginning with “1.” Page numbers can be placed in one of three locations: flush right in the header, centered in the header, or centered in the footer. Note that formatting requirements for theses and dissertations, in particular, may vary.

8. Name + course + date follows several lines later, also centered.
Title Page
Title is centered one-third of the way down the page and written in ALL CAPS.
No page numbers on the title page!
This slide visually presents Chicago format for a title page, which consists of two major sections: title and author information.
Titles should be centered one-third of the way down the page and written in all capital letters. When subtitles apply, end the title line with a colon and follow with the subtitle on the subsequent line (also written in all capital letters). Several lines later, students should include their name, full course information, and a complete “month-day-year” date on separate, single-spaced lines. Instructors may require additional information, and it is also acceptable practice to place the title on the first page of text.
No headers or footers are included on the title page, including any page numbers. Page numbers begin with Arabic numeral 1 flush right in the header, centered in the header, or centered in the footer beginning with the first page of actual text.
Name + course + date follows several lines later, also centered.

9. Number the first text page as page number 1.
Main Body (Text)
Number the first text page as page number 1.
Type all text double-spaced (no break between sections).
Identify the sources you use in the paper in footnotes and in the bibliography.
Format tables and figures.
This slide provides the basic reminders about formatting the main body text.
Double-space all text in the paper, with the following exceptions: Single-space block quotations as well as table titles and figure captions. Single-space notes and bibliographies internally, but leave an extra line space externally between note and bibliographic entries.

10. Reference Page
Center the title, “Bibliography,” at the top of the page. Do not bold, italicize or enclose in quotation marks.
Flush left the first line of the entry and indent subsequent lines
Label the first page of your back matter, your comprehensive list of sources cited, “Bibliography.” Two blank lines should be left between “Bibliography” and your first entry. One blank line should be left between remaining entries, which should be listed in letter-by-letter alphabetical order according to the first word in each entry. Sources you consulted but did not directly cite may or may not be included (consult your instructor).
Single-space reference entries internally. Double-space entries externally.
Order entries alphabetically by the authors’ last names.

11. For two to three authors or editors
References:
Multiple Authors
For multiple authors, use the conjunction “and,” not the ampersand (&) symbol.
For two to three authors or editors
write out all names in the order they appear on the title page of the source in both your notes and bibliography.
For four to ten authors:
-write out all names in the bibliography but use
just the first author’s name and “et al.” in the
notes.

12. References: One Author,
Multiple Entries
The 3-em dash (—) should be used to replace authors or editors’ names who hold multiple, successive entries in a bibliography.

13. References:
Electronic Sources
DOIs:
For electronic journal articles and other web sources, DOIs (Digital Object Identifiers) are preferred to URLs (Uniform resource Locators).
-If you must use a URL, look for the “stable”
version assigned by the journal.
DOIs are to be prefaced with the letters “doi” and a colon.
EX: DOI: /art
While DOIs are assigned to journal articles in any medium, you only need include a DOI when you accessed the electronic version of the source.
An example of a bibliographic citation with a stable url is as follows:
Ede, Lisa and Andrea A. Lunsford. “Collaboration and Concepts of Authorship.” PMLA 116, no. 2 (March 2001):

14. No access date is required to be reported for electronic sources.
References: Dates
No access date is required to be reported for electronic sources.
-Access dates cannot be verified; therefore, only resort to
using access dates when the date of publication is
unavailable.
***In the EE you MUST use it! See next slide.
If you cannot ascertain the publication date of a printed work, use the abbreviation “n.d.”

15. Footnote:
      1. Henry E. Bent, “Professionalization of the Ph.D. Degree,” College Composition and Communication 58, no. 4 (2007): 141, accessed December 5, 2008,
Bibliography
Bent, Henry E. "Professionalization of the Ph.D. Degree.” College Composition and Communication 58, no. 4 (2007): Accessed December 5,

16. Footnotes appear at the foot (bottom) of the page and are preferred.
Notes-Biography Style:
In-text Basics
In-Text Citations:
Each time a source is used in the text, it must be cited by note: footnote or endnote.
Footnotes appear at the foot (bottom) of the page and are preferred.
Endnotes appear at the end of the paper before the bibliography.
(Endnotes are useful when footnotes have become exorbitant.)

17. Notes-Biography Style:
In-text Basics, cont.
In-Text Citations:
A combination of footnotes and endnotes and even author-date style can be used:
Use footnotes for substantive commentary and cite sources with endnotes.
Use footnotes for substantive commentary and cite sources with author-date parenthetical style.
**For our purpose footnotes will ONLY be used as references of sources.

18. In-Text Basics, cont.
Formatting notes:
Place note numbers at the end of the clause or sentence to which they refer.
Place them after any and all punctuation except the dash.
Begin note numbers with “1” and follow consecutively throughout the paper.

19. The first line of a footnote is indented .5” from the left margin.
In-Text Basics, cont.
The first line of a footnote is indented .5” from the left margin.
Subsequent lines within a note should be formatted flush left.
Leave an extra line space between notes.
***Notice this example uses Ibid for repeat sources. You may use short note in place of it. See next slide.

20. Subsequent note citations can and should be shortened
In-text Citations: Books
A complete “note” citation for a book, which corresponds to a slightly differently formatted bibliography entry, would look like this:
1. Jodi Dean, Democracy and Other Neoliberal Fantasies: Communicative Capitalism and Left Politics (Durham: Duke University Press, 2009), 30.
Subsequent note citations can and should be shortened
“Shortening” usually comprises the author’s last name and a “keyword” version of the work’s title in four or fewer words.
Subsequent citations of Dean would be shortened to:
2. Dean, Democracy and Other Neoliberal Fantasies, 30.
The bibliographic citation for Dean’s work would look as follows:
Dean, Jodi. Democracy and Other Neoliberal Fantasies: Communicative Capitalism and Left Politics. Durham: Duke University Press, 2009.
For additional examples of note and bibliographic citations for a variety of media, please see especially the CMS NB Sample paper,

21. In-text Citations:
Editors
When an editor’s or translator’s name appears in addition to an author’s, the former appears after the latter in notes and in the bibliography.
Bibliographic “Edited by” or “Translated by” should be shortened to “ed.” and “trans.” in notes.
Plural forms, such as “eds.,” are never used.
EX:
6. Immanuel Kant, “An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?” in Perpetual Peace and Other Essays, trans. Ted Humphrey (1784; repr., Indianapolis: Hackett, 1983), 41.
The in-text note citation for Kant, here, is an example of a reprinted work. It’s complementary bibliographic entry would look as follows:
Kant, Immanuel. “An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?” In Perpetual Peace and Other Essays, Translated by Ted Humphrey Reprint, Indianapolis: Hackett, 1983.

22. “Ibid.” is an abbreviation meaning “in the same place.”
In-text Citations: Ibid
“Ibid.” is an abbreviation meaning “in the same place.”
-Use it when the present note repeats the information of the
immediately preceding note.
- For example, “Ibid., ##” indicates the same source but
different page number(s).
Aside from “Ibid.,” Chicago style offers cross-referencing for multiple notes with repeated content (especially for longer, discursive notes).
Remember: a note number should never appear out of order.

23. A prose quotation of five or more lines should be “blocked.”
In-text Citations:
Formatting Quotations
A prose quotation of five or more lines should be “blocked.”
The block quotation is singled-spaced and takes no quotation marks, but you should leave an extra line space immediately before and after. Indent the entire quotation .5” (the same as you would the start of a new paragraph).

24. Chicago Headings
Chicago has an optional system of five heading levels.
Longer papers may require sections, or subheadings. Chicago allows you to devise your own format but privileges consistency. Put an extra line space before and after subheads and avoid ending them with periods.

25. Here is an example of the five-level heading system:
Chicago Headings:
An Example
Here is an example of the five-level heading system:

26. Tables & Figures
Position tables and figures after the paragraph in which they’re described.
Cite the source of table and figure information with a “source line” at the bottom of the table or figure.
Source lines are introduced by the word Source(s), followed by a colon, and end with a period.
Ex. Source:
Cite a source as you would for parenthetical citation, minus the parentheses, and include full information in an entry on your References page.
Acknowledge reproduced or adapted sources appropriately (i.e., data adapted from ___ ).
If the table does not fit the remainder of a page, continue the text on that page and place the table at the beginning of the next page. If they table is only “marginally relevant” or too large to fit on a single page, append it.

27. Every table should have a number and (a short and descriptive) title.
Tables & Figures, cont.
Every table should have a number and (a short and descriptive) title.
Flush left on the line above the table.
Table 1. Title without a terminal period
Every figure should have a number and a caption.
Flush left on the line below the figure.
Figure 2. Caption with or without a terminal period.
Number tables and figures separately, in the order you mention them in the text.
In the text, identify tables and figures by number (“in figure 3”) rather than by location (“below”).
When a figure has a source line, put it at the end of the caption.
For more information on formatting Chicago-style tables and figures, see chapter 26 of Kate L. Turabian’s A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (7th ed.).

28. Additional Resources
The Purdue OWL
Purdue Writing HEAV 226
Composition textbooks
The University of Chicago Press’s The Chicago Manual of Style (16th ed.)
Kate L. Turabian’s A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (7th ed.).
Chicago’s website

29. The End Chicago’s Notes and Bibliography Formatting and Style Guide
AUTHOR: Jessica Clements
Brought to you in cooperation with the Purdue Online Writing Lab
Writer and Designer: Jessica Clements
Updating Authors: Ghada M. Gherwash and Joshua M. Paiz, 2014; Arielle McKee, 2014
Based on slide designs from the OWL “APA Formatting and Style Guide” PowerPoint by Jennifer Liethen Kunka, contributed to by Muriel Harris, Karen Bishop, Bryan Kopp, Matthew Mooney, David Neyhart, and Andrew Kunka and revised by Elizabeth Angeli (2011) and Elena Lawrick (2008).