1. Carrier Networks (Chapter 4)
Long Haul/Core Network
Metro Network
Access Network
Technologies
Convergence
Signaling
Digital Hierarchy/SONET

2. Public Network Categories
Core
Long Haul – hundreds of miles between sites
Very high capacity
Metro Networks
City – wide
Connect to Core
Access/Local Networks
Last Mile/Local Loop
Connects Buildings and Homes

3. Core: Long Haul High Bandwidth Technologies Terabit DWDM
Some TDM – mostly converted to IP
Technologies
SONET
Ring
GigE
MPLS

4. Core: Long Haul Network Convergence
TDM to IP convergence
Why Core first?
Fewer nodes/switches
Higher bandwidth, better efficiency
End customers convert to IP at different times
Metro Networks
Access/Local Networks
Customer’s staying TDM
Investment in equipment
Security
Slow to adopt

5. Network Convergence Hybrid networks still during transition
Gateways/Softswitches/Class 5 TDM switches
Optical Transport Network (OTN)
Legacy SONET/TDM traffic + New GigE/IP traffic
Encapsulation of legacy SONET traffic in OTN frames
Synchronous (evenly spaced) – SONET, TDM (T1, T3)
Asynchronous (irregular intervals/dynamic) – GigE
All done in one box

6. Metro Networks Middle bandwidth 2.5G, 10G, 100G Redundancy
Connect COs together
Aggregate Local traffic onto Core

7. Access/Local Networks
Local loop
Still mostly copper but trending to fiber
Expensive
Bandwidth bottleneck
POTS/DSL
T1/T3
Ethernet
Passive Optical Network (PON)
Similar to SLC (1 pr. Fiber/ 32 sites)
Optical Line Terminal (OLT) /Optical Network Units (ONU)

9. Signaling Control communications between network nodes
Signaling System 7 (SS7)
SIP
Call setup/disconnect; Features; Billing; Roaming; Access/security
In-Band
Out of Band

10. Digital Hierarchy SONET
Electrical
DS0 – 64KB
DS1 – 1.544MB (24 DS0s)
DS3 – 45MB (28 DS1s)
Optical (SONET)
OC3 – 155MB (3 DS3s)
OC12 – 622MB (12 DS3s)
OC48 – 2.5GB (48 DS3s)
OC192 – 10GB (192 DS3s)
OC768 – 40GB (768 DS3s)