1. Principles & Applications
Electricity
Principles & Applications
Seventh Edition
Richard J. Fowler
Chapter 1
Basic Concepts
(student version)
McGraw-Hill
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved.

2. INTRODUCTION
Work and Energy
Atoms
Ions
Charge

3. Dear Student:
This presentation is arranged in segments. Each segment
is preceded by a Concept Preview slide and is followed by a
Concept Review slide. When you reach a Concept Review
slide, you can return to the beginning of that segment by
clicking on the Repeat Segment button. This will allow you
to view that segment again, if you want to.

4. Work and Energy

5. Concept Preview Energy and work are interrelated terms.
work and energy.
The Joule (J) is the unit for both
Energy can be converted from one
form of energy to another form of energy.
W is the symbol for both
work and energy.

6. Work (W)
consists of a force moving through a distance.
Energy (W)
is the capacity to do work.
The joule (J)
is the base unit for both energy and work.
The amount of work done equals the amount of energy used (converted).
Fifty joules of energy are required to do fifty joules of work.

7. ENERGY CONVERSION A cell converts A light bulb converts
chemical energy
to electric energy.
A light bulb converts
electric energy to light
energy and heat energy.

8. ENERGY QUIZ The _____ is the base unit of energy. joule
The symbol for the base unit of work is
the letter _____ . J
The italicized upper-case _____ is the
symbol for energy. W
Doing forty joules of work requires
_____ joules of energy.
forty
A light bulb converts _____ energy into
_____ energy and _____ energy.
electric
light, heat

9. Concept Review energy and work are closely related
work and energy
the Joule (J) is the unit for both
energy can be converted from one
form of energy to another form of energy
W is the symbol for both
work and energy
Repeat Segment

10. PARTICLES
OF THE
HELIUM ATOM

11. Concept Preview Atoms contain electrons, protons, and neutrons.
Electrons and protons have an
electric charge.
Electrons are always in motion.

12. Protons (+ charge) + +

13. Protons (+ charge) + +
Neutrons (no charge)

14. Protons (+ charge) - + +
Neutrons (no charge) -
Electrons (- charge)

15. The electrons’ orbital paths are shown by the dashed lines.
The electrons orbit around the nucleus (neutron/proton cluster).
Protons (+ charge) - + +
Neutrons (no charge) -
Electrons (- charge)
The electrons’ orbital paths are shown by the dashed lines.

16. = Neutron +
= Proton -
= Electron - + + -
The two electrons are in the same shell even though they have different orbital paths.
HELIUM ATOM

17. Each electron stays in its own orbital path.
= Neutron +
= Proton - -
= Electron + +
Each electron stays in its own orbital path. -
HELIUM ATOM

18. Each electron stays in its own orbital path.
= Neutron - +
= Proton -
= Electron + +
Each electron stays in its own orbital path. -
HELIUM ATOM

19. Each electron stays in its own orbital path.
= Neutron +
= Proton - -
= Electron + +
Each electron stays in its own orbital path. -
HELIUM ATOM

20. Each electron stays in its own orbital path.
= Neutron +
= Proton -
= Electron - - + +
Each electron stays in its own orbital path.
HELIUM ATOM

21. Each electron stays in its own orbital path.
= Neutron +
= Proton -
= Electron - + +
Each electron stays in its own orbital path. -
HELIUM ATOM

22. Each electron stays in its own orbital path.
= Neutron +
= Proton - -
= Electron + +
Each electron stays in its own orbital path. -
HELIUM ATOM

23. Each electron stays in its own orbital path.
= Neutron +
= Proton - -
= Electron + +
Each electron stays in its own orbital path. -
HELIUM ATOM

24. Each electron stays in its own orbital path.
= Neutron +
= Proton -
= Electron - + +
Each electron stays in its own orbital path. -
HELIUM ATOM

25. Concept Preview Atoms contain electrons, protons, and neutrons.
Electrons and protons have an
electric charge.
Electrons are always in motion.
Repeat Segment

26. Formation Of Ions Atoms
from
Atoms

27. Concept Preview Ions are basically charged atoms.
an electron.
A positive ion has given up
A negative ion has gained
an electron.

28. - - - - + 11 - - - - - - -
A SODIUM ATOM

29. - - - - - - - - + 17 - - - - - - - - -
AND A CHLORINE ATOM

30. FORMATION OF IONS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -+ 11 - - + 17 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Sodium Atom
Chlorine Atom
FORMATION OF IONS

31. FORMATION OF IONS Free Electron - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -+ 11 - - + 17 - - - - - - - - - - - -
Free Electron - - -
Sodium Ion
Chlorine Atom
FORMATION OF IONS

32. FORMATION OF IONS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -+ 11 - - + 17 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Sodium Ion
Chlorine Atom
FORMATION OF IONS

33. FORMATION OF IONS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -+ 11 - - + 17 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Sodium Ion
Chlorine Atom
FORMATION OF IONS

34. FORMATION OF IONS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -+ 11 - - + 17 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Sodium Ion
Chlorine Ion
FORMATION OF IONS

35. Concept Review Ions are basically charged atoms.
an electron.
A positive ion has given up
A negative ion has gained
an electron.
Repeat Segment

36. Static Charges

37. Concept Preview Positively-charged objects
have a deficiency of electrons.
two like charges.
A repelling force exists between
An attracting force exists between
unlike charges.

38. Force Between Electric Charges_
charge
charge _
charge _ _
charge _
charge
Like charges produce a repelling force.
When physically released,
they repel each other.

39. Charged rod. (Many negative charges have been removed from the rod.)

40. Uncharged ball suspended on a thread
Uncharged ball suspended on a thread. (Equal number of negative and positive charges uniformly distributed.)
_ +_ +_
+_+_+_+
+_+_

41. Ball receives small induced charge as rod approaches
Ball receives small induced charge as rod approaches. (Note clustering of like charges on ball’s surface.) Weak force of attraction develops.
+_ +_ _
+++_+_ _
+_+_

42. More clustering of like charges and stronger attraction occurs as the rod is moved closer to the ball.
+ + +_ _ _
+ +_ _

43. Electrons are transferred from ball to rod when contact is made
Electrons are transferred from ball to rod when contact is made. Now, both ball and rod have a positive charge.

44. The ball is now repelled by the rod because of the like charges on the two objects.

45. CHARGE QUIZ Electrons have a _____ electric charge. negative
Protons have a _____ electric charge.
positive
The _____ is electrically neutral.
neutron
The charge of a sodium ion is _____ .
positive
A chlorine ion has a(n) _____ of electrons.
excess
Like charges _____ each other.
repel

46. Concept Review Positively-charged objects
have a deficiency of electrons.
two like charges.
A repelling force exists between
An attracting force exists between
unlike charges.
Repeat Segment

47. REVIEW
Work and Energy
Atoms
Ions
Charge