1. MANUFACTURING OF BRICKS

2. BRICK MANUFACTURING
Preparation of clay
Moulding
Drying
Burning

3. BRICK MANUFACTURING PREPARATION OF CLAY Unsoiling Digging Cleaning
Weathering - Mellowing
Blending
Tempering

4. TEMPERING – PUG MILL PUGGING – Plastic state

5. MOULDING Hand Moulding Steel or Wooden mould Mould size - larger Types
Ground moulded bricks
Table moulded bricks

6. A) GROUND MOULDED BRICKS
Level the ground & sprinkle sand
Place the mould
750 Bricks / day
Slope moulded bricks or Sand moulded bricks
FROG
Pallet boards
Bricks placed on Longer side

7. B) TABLE MOULDED BRICKS
Table size – 2mx1m
Mould, Water pots and Pallet boards
Efficiency of moulder decreases
Cost of moulding increases

8. MACHINE MOULDING Plastic clay machines Rectangular opening
Cut into strips by wires
Dry clay machines
Strong clay to Powder form
Plastic paste
Pressed bricks

9. DRYING Laid Longitudinally in stacks Stacks has 8 to 10 tiers
Placed on edge
Up to 2%

10. DRYING Artificial drying – Tunnels or Hot flue gases 1200o 1 – 3 DAYS
Circulation of air
Drying Yard – Sand cover
Period for drying – 3 to 10 days
Screens

11. BURNING Imparts hardness & strength Overburnt – Brittle
Underburnt – Soft
Properly burnt – Durable
Upto 650C
At 1100C – Alumina + Silica
Above 1100C - Vitrified

12. BURNING
CLAMPS – Temporary structure
KILNS – Permanent Structure

13. CLAMPS Trapezoidal Brick wall in mud Fuel – Grass, Cow dung
Thickness 70cm to 80cm
Total height – 3m to 4m
Period – 1 to 2months

14. CLAMPS ADVANTAGES Burning & Cooling – Gradual Cheap & Economical
No skilled labour required
DISADVANTAGES
Irregular shape
Slow process
Not possible to regulate fire
Quality not uniform

15. KILNS INTERMITTENT KILNS Irregular process Rectangular or circular
TYPES:-
Intermittent Up-Draught kilns
Intermittent Down-Draught kilns

16. INTERMITTENT UP-DRAUGHT KILNS
Laying – Thickness – 2 to 3 bricks
Height – 6 to 8 bricks
Arch like opening
Loading
End doors – Dry bricks + Mud
Fired
Firing – 48 to 60 hours
Draught rises upward
Cooling – 7days
Disadvantage – Not uniform

17. INTERMITTENT DOWN-DRAUGHT KILNS
Rectangular or Circular
Closed roof
Floor of kiln – Chimney stack
Hot gases move downward by chimney draught
Evenly burnt
Better than up-draught

18. CONTINUOUS KILNS
Bull’s trench kiln
Hoffman’s kiln
Tunnel kiln

19. BULL’S TRENCH KILN Underground or partially projecting 1 – Loading
2 – empty
3 – Unloading
4 – Cooling
5 – Burning
6 – Pre Heating

21. HOFFMAN’S KILN Overground Each chamber – Main door Communicating door
Radial flue
Fuel holes to drop fuels
Chamber
1 – Loading
2 to 5– heating
6 & 7 – Burning
8 to11 – cooling
12 - Unloading

22. ADVANTAGES
Uniform burning
Regulate heat
Continuous process
No air pollution

23. BRAIN TEASERS

24. You are a cyclist in a cross-country race
You are a cyclist in a cross-country race. Just before the crossing finish line you overtake the person in second place! What place did you finish in?

25. In a year there are 12 months. 7 months have 31 days
In a year there are 12 months. 7 months have 31 days. How many months have 28 days?

26. A plane crashes on the border of the U. S. and Canada
A plane crashes on the border of the U.S. and Canada. Where do they bury the survivors?

27. Please add the following numbers in your head. Start with 1000
Please add the following numbers in your head. Start with Add 40 Add 1000 Add 30 Add 20 Add 10 Write down your answer.
Many will get But
the actual answer is 4100!

28. What are the next 3 letters in the following sequence
What are the next 3 letters in the following sequence? J, F, M, A, M, J, J, A, __, __, __

29. You are in a room that has 3 switches and a closed door
You are in a room that has 3 switches and a closed door. The switches control 3 light bulbs on the other side of the door. Once you open the door, you may never touch the switches again. How can you definitively tell which switch is connected to each of the light bulbs?

30. Jimmy's mother had 4 children. She named the first Monday
Jimmy's mother had 4 children. She named the first Monday. Named the second Tuesday. The third is named Wednesday. What is the name of the fourth child?

31. Which is heavier? A pound of feathers, or a pound of rocks?

32. Your sock drawer contains 24 white socks and 30 black socks
Your sock drawer contains 24 white socks and 30 black socks. The lights in your room are off, so you cannot see the color of the socks. How many socks must you grab to ensure to have at least one matching pair?

33. What can run but never walks, has a mouth but never speaks, has a head but never weeps, and has a bed but never sleeps?

34. What is full of holes but can still hold water?