1. Discussion: Philosophers
What are the main ideas of each philosopher?
How are these ideas revolutionary in this time period?
Rank the philosophers according to how much you agree with them
(Example: 1. Hobbes, 2. Rousseau, 3. Locke)

2. Which Enlightenment philosopher were you?
Tell your group of which philosopher you matched up with best
Describe why you think they’re right

3. Ideas of the Enlightenment

4. 1. Voltaire
2. Montesquieu
3. Beccaria
4. Mary Astell
5. Mary Wollstonecraft
6. Catherine
7. Frederick
Which of these people…
Disliked his future wife so much he contemplated suicide before marrying her?
Married an anarchist?
Was rumored to have had a child that was not her husband’s?
Was imprisoned for insulting a French nobleman?
Had a daughter who wrote Frankenstein?

5. Central Ideas of the Enlightenment
Hobbes – People are bad, absolute monarchy is needed to keep people in line
Locke – People are born free, have natural rights, have ability to overthrow government
Rousseau – Individual freedom, direct democracy needed

6. The Thinkers Enlightenment at its peak in mid-1700s France
The thinkers of this time were known as Philosophes (French word for philosopher)

7. Other important thinkers of this time…

8. Voltaire
Believed in tolerance, reason, freedom of religion and freedom of speech
Twice sent to prison
“I do not agree with a word you say, but will defend to the death your right to say it.”
D = 1

9. Montesquieu Believed in political liberty
Argued for a separation of powers – dividing power between different parts of the government
“Power should be a check to power.”

10. Cesare Beccaria Believed in justice, not revenge
Laws exist to preserve social order, not avenge crimes
Believed in speedy trial, no torture, no capital punishment (death penalty)

11. Mary Astell Believed in education and equality for women
“If men are born free, how is it that all women are born slaves?”

12. Mary Wollstonecraft
Believed women should receive as much education as men
Believed women should enter medicine and politics
B=5
E=5

13. Philosophes’ Ideas 1. Reason – Truth could be discovered through logic
2. Nature – Things that are natural are good
3. Happiness – Wanted people to be happy on earth (instead of just after death)
4. Progress – Society should focus on improving
5. Liberty – Political freedom important

14. Legacy of the Enlightenment
Belief in progress
Importance of individualism
A more secular outlook
Changed the way people thought about religion

15. Enlightenment Spreads

16. Salons
Salons: Philosophers, writers, artists and scientists met socially to discuss ideas

17. Diderot’s Encyclopedia
Diderot published an “Encyclopedia”
Collecting all knowledge gives humans "the power to change men's common way of thinking”

18. Enlightenment and Monarchy
Some Enlightenment philosophers didn’t want monarchies
Others wanted rulers to lead fairly
Monarchs who embraced ideas of the Enlightenment were called enlightened despots
They supported Enlightenment ideas – in theory
Still wanted to maintain absolute power

19. Frederick the Great King of Prussia from 1740 to 1786
Granted religious freedoms
Reduced censorship, improved education
Eliminated torture
Did not eliminate serfdom, even though he thought it was wrong
A=7!

20. Joseph II Royal reformer from Austria (1780- 1790)
Reformed laws and granted freedom of press
Supported freedom of religion
Abolished serfdom
His reforms were reversed after he died

21. Catherine the Great Ruled Russia from 1762-1796
Read the Enlightenment thinkers, exchanged letters with Voltaire
Called a commission to reform Russian laws
She recommended allowing religious freedom, and eliminating torture & the death penalty
The commission disagreed
She put some reforms in place but didn’t accomplish her main goals because of the nobles
6=C!

22. At the bottom of your paper:
Create 3 review questions about the Enlightenment:
1 multiple choice.
1 fill-in-the-blank.
1 short answer (could be answered in 2 sentences)
Not too hard, not too easy!

23. What were the main ideas of each thinker?
SYMBOL
Hobbes
Locke
Rousseau
Montesquieu
Beccaria
Mary Astell
Wollstonecraft
Voltaire
Rank these Philosophes being you most closely associate with them, 8 being the least.

24. Philosopher Country Project

25. Goal
Ultimately, you & your group will design your philosopher’s ideal country
First, you have to gather additional information about your philosopher’s background
You and your team members must use different sources to make sure you gather as much info as possible

26. Groups—3 per Philosophe (1st)
Locke (2)-Ben, Erik, Anthony, Peter, Tom, Gus
Hobbes-Justin, Sophia, April, David
Rousseau (2)-Jacob, Eric, Liam, Rachel, Kaelan, Chloe, Claire
Voltaire-Amanda, Josh, Andrew
Montesquieu-Jessica, Lily, Adina, Kaley
Beccaria-Emily, Katie, Julia
Mary Astell- Eliza, Courtney, Jordi
Wollstonecraft-Rachel, Aubrietta, Makena

27. Groups—3 people per Philosophe (2nd)
Locke (2)-Brenden, Jake, Cole C, Stephen
Hobbes-Thor, Griffin, Jack C, Liam P
Rousseau (2)-Nathan, Jameson, Davis, Sora
Voltaire- Tyler, Avery, Preston, Cole T
Montesquieu-Luke, Lauryn, Ethan
Beccaria-Liam G, Alex, Jack L
Mary Astell- Emily, Maddy, Brookley
Wollstonecraft- Anna, Andie, Jared

28. Groups—3 people per Philosophe (3rd)
Locke (2)-Maddy, Makena, Sheri, Hunter, Alaina, Jon
Hobbes- Ben, Samuel
Rousseau (2)-Jared, Haley, Bryce, Akim, Lucas, Asia
Voltaire-Denis, Roberto. Caleb
Montesquieu-Logan, Abby J, Trinity
Beccaria-Michael, Shelby, Aspen
Mary Astell-Bella, Sophie, Lauren
Wollstonecraft-Allie, Mac, Rebecca

29. Groups—3 people per Philosophe (6th)
Locke (2)-Zach M, Ben, Zack W, Allison, Kenzie, Kendall, Jennifer
Hobbes-Jack, Alex, Samuel
Rousseau –Emma, Anthony, Alexis
Voltaire (2)-Tay, Maggie, Griffin, Torin, Anias, Marques
Montesquieu-Bain, Rebecca, Carolyn
Beccaria-Kyle, Daniella, John, Tasha
Mary Astell-Sidney, Brandon, Glen
Wollstonecraft-Ruby, Julia, Rachel