1. Chapter 9 Terrorism: From Hometown Security to Homeland Security1-

2. Introduction
September 11, 2001, unified the American people in a way most had never seen
Our country has embarked on a new era of policing
Heightened focus and increased attention placed on terrorism has not absolved local law enforcement of its duties
There is a need to balance crime-fighting efforts with counterterrorism efforts 1-

3. Homeland Security in Context
GOVERNMENT PRIORITIES
Improve its vigilance
Increase its preparedness
Reduce its vulnerabilities
Strengthen against any future attack
Confront threats
© AP Images/Charles 1-

4. Terrorism Defined TERRORISM No single, universally accepted definition
Common elements
Physical violence against noncombatants
Create a climate of fear
Religious, political, or social change
Learning Objective: What most definitions of terrorism include. 1-

5. Classification of Terrorist Acts
FBI CLASSIFICATIONS
Depends on the origin, base, and objectives
Domestic terrorism
International terrorism
The dual threat
Homegrown violent extremists (HVEs)
Radicalization
Learning Objective: How the FBI classifies terrorist acts. 1-

6. Ideology and Motivations for Terrorism
ORGANIZING PRINCIPLES AND FRAMEWORK
Right-wing extremists
Sovereign citizens
Left-wing extremists
Pro-life extremists
Animal rights activists
Environmental extremists
Ecoterrorism
Learning Objective: What motivates most terrorist attacks.
Learning Objective: What domestic terrorist groups exist in the United States. 1-

7. A New Kind of War—An Asymmetric War
ENTIRELY DIFFERENT TYPE OF WARFARE
Much weaker opponent takes on a stronger opponent
Refusal to confront head-on
Gradual wearing down of enemy
Unpredictable
Psychologically damaging
“Death by a thousand cuts” 1-

8. Methods Used by Terrorists
UNCONVENTIONAL
Armed attacks
Explosives and bombs
Suicide bombers
Martyrs
Reverence
Car bombs
Vehicle-borne improvised explosive device (VBIED)
Stealth and simplicity
Cont.
© David Turnley/CORBIS
Learning Objective: What methods terrorists might use. 1-

9. Methods Used by Terrorists
UNCONVENTIONAL
Weapons of mass destruction (WMD)
Biological agents
Bioterrorism
Agroterrorism
Chemical agents
Nuclear terrorism
Technological terrorism 1-

10. Funding Terrorism FINANCING THE OPERATION
Collaborate with organized criminal groups
Smuggle stolen goods and contraband
Charitable groups
Wealthy Arabs sympathetic to the group’s cause
Investigating charities
Better Business Bureau
Wise Giving Alliance 1-

11. Valuable Targets for a Terrorist Attack
PURPOSE AND FOCUS
High-occupancy structures
Significant number of lives are affected
Structure containing dangerous substances
High-use portion of the infrastructure
“Soft targets”
Symbolic targets 1-

12. The Federal Response to Terrorism
ENHANCED FEDERAL GOVERNMENT POWERS
The Department of Homeland Security
Preventing terrorism and enhancing security
Securing and managing our borders
Enforcing and administering our immigration laws
Safeguarding and securing cyberspace
Ensuring resilience to disasters
Cont.
Learning Objective: What federal office was established as a result of 9/11 and what its purpose is. 1-

13. The Federal Response to Terrorism
ENHANCED FEDERAL GOVERNMENT POWERS
The USA PATRIOT Act
Using tools already in use
Facilitating information sharing
Increasing the penalties for terrorism
Controversy over the USA PATRIOT Act
Changes in the FBI following 9/11
Learning Objective: What the lead federal agencies are in responding to acts of terrorism and handling consequence management.
Learning Objective: How the USA PATRIOT Act enhances counterterrorism efforts by the United States. 1-

14. The Critical Role of Local Law Enforcement in Homeland Security
RESPONSIBILITY AND AUTHORITY
Understanding typical stages in a terrorist attack
Understanding and identifying the enemy
Intelligence gathering and sharing
The National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan (NCISP)
Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004
Fusion Centers 1-

15. Responding to a Terrorist Attack or Attempt
FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE
Responding to suicide bombers
Responding to WMD incidents
Lessons learned from Mumbai
Heed the warning signs
Leadership must be proactive
Prevention and deterrence
System capability and officer response
© AP Images/Toby Talbot
Learning Objective: What the first line of defense against terrorism in the United States is. 1-

16. Initiatives to Assist in the Fight against Terrorism
Increased border security
Community vulnerability assessment methodology
The Terrorist Screening Center
Government’s Terrorist Watchlist
The National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP)
Comprehensive risk management framework
Cont.
Learning Objective: What three obstacles to intelligence effectiveness are. 1-

17. Initiatives to Assist in the Fight against Terrorism
The Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism (MIPT)
Counterterrorism center
The Center for Food Protection and Defense
Safeguard the security of the food system
The National Incident Management System
First standardized management approach 1-

18. The Role of News Media in the War on Terrorism
SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP
Media gain tremendous viewership
Revenue to the media
Pleases sponsors
Contagion effect
Terrorists rely on coverage
Spread information
Attention to their cause
Climate of fear 1-

19. Concerns Related to the War on Terrorism
AMERICAN WAY OF LIFE
Concern for civil rights
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)
Retaliation or discrimination
People of Middle Eastern descent
Lack of cultural awareness
Language barriers
Distrust
Learning Objective: What two concerns are associated with the current “war on terrorism.”
Learning Objective: What balance law enforcement must maintain in the “war on terrorism.” 1-

20. Community Policing and Homeland Security
EMPOWERING COMMUNITIES
Citizen Corps
Neighborhood Watches
If You See Something, Say Something
Nationwide Suspicious Activity Reporting Initiative (NSI)
Hometown security
Learning Objective: What the Community Protection Act authorizes. 1-

21. Summary The threat of terrorism has become a reality in America
Most definitions of terrorism have common elements
As a result of 9/11, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) was established
The USA PATRIOT Act significantly improves the nation’s counterterrorism efforts
The first line of defense against terrorism is the patrol officer 1-