1. Experiment # 1
The displayed Vpp on FG is half of the real Vpp because the displayed
value represents the value with a load at maximum power transfer.
Experiment # 2
Maximum Power Transfer:
Maximum Power
Thevenin Equivalent:
For RT=100Ω and VT=5V

2. Experiment # 3:
Time constant and transient behavior of RC and LR circuits.
For RC circuit:
For LR circuit:

3. Experiment # 3:
How to measure the current?
The function generator is set for a square wave
output with a range [+5v , -5v] at 160kHz.
The value of the inductor is L=6.25 mH.
In order to observe that the current reaches at least 99.3% (e^(-5)=0.7%) of the
static value (fully established value), what is the minimum value of the resistor
R we should choose?
After 5 time constant, the transient value will reach the 99.3% of the static value (e-5=0.7%). In order to observe this transient behavior, we need one period of the square wave accommodates at least 10 time constants.
How much is the time constant?

4. Experiment # 4:
Diode model:
If VD>>nVT,
If VD<<nVT,

5. Experiment # 4:
Load line:

6. Experiment # 5:
Diode applications: voltage regulation with Zener diode
For Zener diode, the load line equation is
At Vz=0, Iz=-5mA; At Iz=0, Vz=-5V. We
get two points on the line (0, -5) and (-5, 0).
Connect these two points we obtain the load line.
From the load line, we obtain
the interception at Vz=-2V with
the Zener diode characteristic curve,
therefore, the current must be
Therefore, the operation point is (-2V, -3mA)

7. Ideal op-amp conditions:
Experiment # 6: basic properties of operational amplifiers
Ideal op-amp conditions:
Ip=In=0 No current into the terminals
Ri=∞ Infinite input resistance
Ro= Zero output resistance
A ∞ Infinite open loop gain
Ip=In=0 and Ri=∞ makes no power demands on the input signal
source. Ro=0 makes the output voltage independent of the load .
Even though the ideal op-amp model deviates much from the real
op-amps, the ideal conditions in the ideal op-amp model are very
useful in the design and analysis of circuits.

8. Inverting Amplifier— Ideal op-amp circuit analysis
Non-Inverting Amplifier:

9. Real Op-Amp Frequency Response
Real Op amps have a frequency dependant open loop gain
Where

10. If the open loop bandwidth is so small, how can the op amp be useful?
Real Op-Amp Frequency Response
If the open loop bandwidth is so small,
how can the op amp be useful?

11. Voltage Transfer Curve
In reality A, Ri are finite and Ro>0
The output is limited by power source
For a 741 op-amp powered with VCC= +10V and VEE= -10V, Vo will saturate
(reach the maximum output voltage range) at about ±10 V.
With an A=200,000V/V saturation occurs with an input differential
voltage of 10/200,000 = 50μV, a very small voltage.

12. Experiment # 7: Filters
Low-pass filters:
At low frequency:
At high frequency:

13. High-pass filters:
At low frequency:
At high frequency:

14. Band-pass filter:
Center Frequency:

15. What happens if input square wave? Loading
Active filters:
Low pass filter
Cascade Connections
What happens if input square wave?
Loading

16. Experiment # 8 & 9: BJT
Common Base Current Gain
Common Emitter Current Gain
Common emitter circuit configuration

17. Early Voltage VA
Output resistance
Q: DC bias point (quiescent point)
Common emitter configuration
Load Line

18. Graphic Analysis Common emitter configuration
Q: DC bias point (quiescent point)
Load Line

19. Hybrid-∏ Model + -
Output Resistance
Input Resistance

20. T-Model
Av<1. What’s the purpose?

21. Experiment #10: AM
Transmitted signal:
Envelope:
Percentage of Modulation:
For any message satisfies -1≤ m(t) ≤ +1:
Over Modulation:

22. Experiment #10: AM
Envelope Detector:
Envelope:
How to determine the RC time constant?

23. Experiment #11
For a coil around a magnetic core, the magnetic field intensity H inside the core is
where l is the core mean length
The allowed

24. Coupled Inductors
where k is coupling coefficient and 0≤ k ≤1

25. Coupled Inductors
Apply KVL:

26. Coupled Inductors

27. Ideal Transformer
For k=1,
where n is called turns ratio n=N2/N1

28. Ideal Transformer
For an ideal transformer, it does not dissipate power, therefore the input
power should equal the output power:
Therefore, the input impedance for the transformer:

29. Non-Ideal Transformer
For a non-ideal transformer, we don’t know whether V1 and I1 in phase or not:

30. Non-Ideal Transformer
When ?

31. Non-Ideal Transformer
When
we have