1. Why Do Services Cluster Downtown?
Ch. 12 Services

2. Central Business District (CBD)
“Downtown”
Best known & most visually distinctive
Often oldest area, compact yet dense
Consumer & Business services attracted b/c of high accessibility – transportation focal point
Ex. TTC in Toronto

3. 3 types of retail services in CBD
High Threshold – Dept. stores
Some starting to change location – impact of suburbs (ex. Vaughan Mills)
High Range – Tiffany’s, Dior (infrequent)
Serving Downtown Workers - drycleaners
Producer services - accessibility of face-face contact
Lawyers, banking

4. High Land Costs in the CBD
Extreme competition for limited space
Tokyo’s CBD world’s most expensive land ($250,000 per sq.meter)
Limited by building heights (3 stories) – why?
Other expensive cities; Monaco, Hong Kong, London, Singapore

5. Intensive land use (build up & down) Skyscrapers
Toronto’s ‘Path’
Skyscrapers
elevator/iron frame building made possible
Zoning – problems with skyscrapers
Vertical geography (location of goods/services)
Eaton Centre Rent, Pent House – TDSB in condos?

6. Activities excluded from the CBD
High rents & land shortage discourage 2 land uses in the CBD
Manufacturing
Residential
Revitalizing waterfronts (T.O), push & pull factors for residents

7. European CBDs – older than N
European CBDs – older than N.A, historic significance = more limitations

8. Suburbanization of Businesses
Trend of businesses moving to suburbs
Retail following its customers out of the CBD
Factories find cheaper land, better traffic, may be hard for employees to commute w/out cars
No growth in sales in CBD, 5% annually in suburbs