1. Task 2: Presentation & Written Report (P3 P4 M1 M2 D1): Plan and deliver a minute presentation that describes and explains energy intake and expenditure in sports performance. You should include: • A description of the different measures used for energy: calories, joules, kilocalories, kilojoules • A description of the sources of energy: fats, carbohydrates and proteins • Measuring requirements: body composition, lean body mass, percentage body fat (skinfold analysis, bioelectrical impedance analysis, hydro densitometry) • Body weight • Calorimetry: direct, indirect In your presentation you must describe and explain energy balance and its importance in relation to sports performance. You must include: • Basal metabolism • Age • Gender • Climate • Physical activity

2. Energy Intake and Expenditure in Sports Performance.

3. What is energy measured in?
1 food calorie is commonly used to measure energy available in food which is equal to 1000 gram calories
1 gram calorie has the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degrees Celsius.
Joules; every second each person transfers about 100 joules of thermal energy into the air.
A kilocalorie is a unit of energy made up of one thousand calories.
Kilojoules (KJ) is a measure of how much energy people get from consuming food. KJ is similar to calories. 0.2 calories equals 1 KJ.

4. Where can we get energy from?
Fats; can provide up to half of the body’s daily energy needs. Fat we eat is broken down into fatty acids, which are captured by hungry cells within blood. Fatty acids that aren’t needed are stored in fat cells that have an unlimited capacity.
Carbohydrates; they are a very important part of our diet. The body runs on glucose, and the body turns carbohydrates into glucose. Carbohydrates are a short release energy. It helps the pancreas to produce insulin, helping the body to digest food.
Protein; when we eat food containing protein it is broken down into amino acids, which are then used to build new specific proteins within the body. If there is a shortage of fats and carbohydrates, the body can make energy out of proteins.

5. bioelectrical impedance analysis
Body composition is the two different types of mass in your body. Fat mass and Fat free mass. Fat free mass is made up of bones, water, muscle and tissue. Fat mass is made up of the fat in your body. These two weights are compared, making up your body fat percentage.
Lean body mass is the weight of your bones and muscles minus your organs, liquids and fat. It is healthier to have a high lean muscle mass because muscle is more metabolically active, speeding up your metabolism. Also more muscle means more strength.
Skin fold callipers
Body Fat Percentage is worked out by the total mass of fat divided by the total body mass. Not all of this mass is bad, as it includes essential body fat and storage fat, which is necessary to maintain a healthy weight.
bioelectrical impedance analysis

6. Body Weight
Having a high body weight means that your body needs a higher amount of energy. Carrying more weight makes your muscles and your heart work harder and more calories need to be consumed to carry the extra weight around.

7. Direct and Indirect Calorimetry:
Direct calorimetry is the measurement of the amount of heat that is produced by a person inside of a small chamber full of water.
Indirect calorimetry measures expired and inspired gas flows, concentrations and volumes of O2 and CO2, and measures oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production.

8. Basal Metabolism
Basal metabolic rate is the amount of energy produced while at rest and when your body is in the post-absorptive state, which is when the digestive system is inactive. To get to this state the body needs to have not consumed food for about twelve hours to be able to measure someone's basal metabolic rate.

9. For sports performance, the energy systems need fuel to be able to reach their optimum performance. The amount of fuel the body needs changes with age. Younger people ( under 25 ) need more fuel as their bodies are still growing and younger people generally use more energy due to being more active. Older people need less fuel as they burn off less calories in a day and have stopped growing.

10. Gender affects peoples energy systems
Gender affects peoples energy systems. Typically, men burn off more calories per day therefore need to consume more calories than women. However this can change due to how much physical activity the person does. Also, men have more muscle mass and burn up to 20% more energy than women, even when resting.

11. Climate
The amount of energy a person needs changes depending on their environment. Cold weather and low temperatures mean that a person needs to consume more energy as the body burns more calories to keep the body warm. In warmer weather, the body requires less energy as it doesn’t need to heat itself, meaning that less energy can be consumed.

12. The more physical activity a person does, the more energy their body requires to be able to be able to keep moving. When exercising, more calories are burnt, and the body needs to restore its energy systems. To keep energy systems going, high energy foods need to be consumed before exercise, then replenished after exercise.