1. The Human Organism: An Overview
Chapter 27
The Human Organism:
An Overview

2. 27.1 Structure
fits function in
the human
body

3. Anatomy
Structure of an organism and its parts

4. Physiology
Function of the structures

5. Levels of Body Structure

6. 1. Cells The human body is made up of ~75 trillion cells
The human body is designed so that all cells can get what they need to survive and remove the waste that they create through metabolism.
The human body is made up of
~75 trillion cells

7. 1. Cells The human body is made up of ~75 trillion cells
The human body is designed so that all cells can get what they need to survive and remove the waste that they create through metabolism.
The human body is made up of
~75 trillion cells

8. Body exchanges with external environment
Cells exchange with internal environment

9. 27.2 A tissue is
a group of cells
with similar
structure and
function

10. 4 types of tissues:
A. epithelial
B. connective
C. nervous
D. muscle

11. Epithelial Tissue
Covers body surface and lines the internal organs

12. Connective Tissue
Supports tissues, cushions, insulates, and connects organs

13. Nervous Tissue
Forms the “communication system” of the body

14. Neuron
Nerve cell
Transmits signals

15. Muscle Tissue
3 types
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

17. Skeletal Muscle Attached to the bones of the skeleton
Voluntary – you control it

18. Cardiac muscle Heart muscles
Involuntary muscle – works without you controlling it

19. Smooth Muscle Involuntary Found in most other organs
Ex. Digestive organs

21. There are 12
organ systems in
the human
body…

22. What ones can you
name???

23. Please complete the organ systems matching on p.3 of your notes

24. Circulatory System B

25. Digestive System K

26. Endocrine System G

27. Integumentary System H

28. Muscular System J

29. Lymphatic System & Immune System

30. Nervous System A

31. C

32. D

33. Skeletal System F

34. Urinary System E

35. 27.3 The body
regulates its
internal
environment

36. Review: What is
homeostasis???

37. Homeostasis
Your body maintaining an ideal internal “steady state”

38. Homeostasis
Dynamic Equilibrium
(activities that maintain balance)

39. Two main body
systems that work
to maintain
homeostasis…

40. Two main body
systems that work
to maintain
homeostasis…

41. What two body systems would regulate his escape?

42. Nervous System
detects environmental stimuli & directs the body’s responses

43. Endocrine System Secretes hormones (into the blood) regulate other
organ systems

44. ie. adrenaline triggers “fight or flight response”
Hormones
Signal molecules released into the bloodstream to trigger a response
ie. adrenaline triggers “fight or flight response”

45. B. Integumentary System
Body’s outer covering
Barrier that helps maintain homeostasis

46. The skin has 4 major functions…

47. a. protection (pathogens) & internal organs
b. temperature regulation
c. excretion (waste products)
d. secretion (useful products)

48. Look on page 595 in the textbook to label the diagram in your notes…

49. hair
sweat pore
epidermis
keratin
nerve
dermis
oil gland
hair follicle
sweat gland

50. A B

51. Hair & Nails - Both made of a tough protein called keratin

52. Role in homeostasis Skin – physical barrier, insulation
Some examples:
Skin – physical barrier, insulation
Hair – protects scalp, insulation

53. Role in homeostasis Skeletal System Urinary System Nervous System
Immune
System
Circulatory System

54. New note
packet!!
27b

55. Ch 27b - The Skeletal & Muscular Systems

56. What is locomotion?

57. Locomotion
The ability to move from one place to another

58. Why is locomotion helpful to an organism??

59. Improves chances of: a. finding a mate b. finding food
c. finding shelter
d. avoiding predators

60. Motile
Organisms that are capable of locomotion

61. Sessile
Organisms that are not capable of locomotion

62. Examples of sessile organisms…
Coral
Hydra
Plants

63. The Skeleton
functions in
support and
movement

64. Anatomy of the
Skeleton…

65. Functions:
1. provides framework that holds the body up; maintains shape

66. 2. protects soft organs Brain Spinal Cord Heart, Lungs
a. skull protects:
b. backbone protects:
c. ribs protect:
Brain
Spinal Cord
Heart, Lungs

67. Bones as Living Organs…

68. Bone matrix
Made of the protein collagen (provides flexibility) and calcium & phosphate (makes bones strong)

70. Cartilage
Flexible, elastic connective tissue which provides cushioning and flexibility at joints

71. A fetus has a skeleton that is made mostly of cartilage, which is very flexible for child birth.

72. http://www. pennmedicine. org/encyclopedia/em_DisplayAnimation. aspx

73. After birth cartilage is
gradually replaced by
bone. Adults have
cartilage at ends of ribs,
between vertebrae, ends
of bones, nose, ear, and
trachea

76. Marrow
Yellow: found in central cavity of long bones, stored fat

77. Marrow
Red: found in certain bones (humerus, hip, sternum), produces cells that become blood cells

79. Joints
Places in the skeleton where bones are connected and make movement possible

80. Ligaments
Tough elastic connective tissue that connect bone to bone at a movable joint

82. Joints:
Hinge joints (elbow & knee)
Ball and socket (hip & shoulder

83. Joints:
Pivot joint (neck)
Immovable joints (the bones of the skull)

85. Two examples of
skeletal disorders
are arthritis and
osteoporosis…

86. Arthritis
-itis means inflammation
Inflammation of the joints

87. Osteoporosis Bones become thin, porous, more easily broken Prevention?
calcium

88. 27.5 Muscles
move the
skeleton by
contracting

89. Tendons
Tough, inelastic cords that attach muscles to bones

90. Antagonistic pairs Muscles usually operate in pairs
One muscle extends (straightens), one muscle flexes (bends)

91. extension flexion

92. Example of antagonistic muscle pair

93. What is the
structure of a
muscle???

94. Recall… 3 types of muscles? Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle

95. Skeletal muscle
Has the capacity to contract or shorten
HOW?

96. Muscle fiber
Long muscle cells with many nuclei
(very unique cell)

97. Actin & Myosin
The 2 types of protein filaments that make up a sarcomere

98. Actin & Myosin
Responsible for the shortening and lengthening of skeletal muscles.

101. Let’s look at a Skeletal Muscle Animation
Pay attention to the structures listed in your notes