1. The Skeletal System
Unit 3

2. Unit 3 Objectives
Be able to describe the functions and general anatomy of bones
Be able to classify different type of bones and joints
Be able to identify all the major bones in the human body
Be able to explain common problems of the skeletal system, such as broken bones and arthritis

3. Label/color your Bones Classification diagram

4. Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape
Figure 5.1

5. Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
Diaphysis
Shaft
Composed of compact bone
Epiphysis
Ends of the bone
Composed mostly of spongy bone
Figure 5.2a

6. Structures of a Long Bone
Periosteum
Outside covering of the diaphysis
Fibrous connective tissue membrane
Arteries
Supply bone cells with nutrients
Figure 5.2c

7. Structures of a Long Bone
Articular cartilage
Covers the external surface of the epiphyses
Made of hyaline cartilage
Decreases friction at joint surfaces
Figure 5.2a

8. Structures of a Long Bone
Medullary cavity
Cavity of the shaft
Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults
Contains red marrow (for blood cell formation) in infants
Figure 5.2a

9. Color/label your bone diagram

10. The Axial Skeleton Forms the longitudinal part of the body
Divided into three parts
Skull
Vertebral column
Bony thorax
*For the rest of note- taking, be labeling your skeleton!*

11. The Vertebral Column Vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs
The spine is normally slightly curved
Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location
7, 12, 5, 5 (1), 4
Figure 5.14

13. Structure of a Typical Vertebra
Figure 5.16

14. Regional Characteristics of Vertebrae: Cervical
Figure 5.17a–b

15. Regional Characteristics of Vertebrae: Thoracic and Lumbar
Figure 5.17c–d

16. The Thorax
Forms a cage to protect major organs
Figure 5.19a

17. The Thorax Made-up of three parts Sternum Ribs Thoracic vertebrae
Figure 5.19a

19. The Appendicular Skeleton
Limbs (appendages)
Pectoral girdle
Pelvic girdle

20. The Pectoral (Shoulder) Area
Composed of two bones:
Clavicle – collarbone
Scapula – shoulder blade
These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement

21. Bones of the Shoulder
Figure 5.20a–b

22. Bones of the Upper Limb The upper arm is formed by a single bone
Humerus
Figure 5.21a–b

23. Bones of the Upper Limb The forearm has two bones Ulna Radius
*distal and proximal*
Figure 5.21c

24. Bones of the Upper Limb The hand Carpals – wrist Metacarpals – palm
Phalanges – fingers
Figure 5.22

25. Bones of the Pelvis Hip bones
Composed of three pair of fused bones- don’t have to know
Ilium (*iliac region*)
Ischium
Pubic bone
The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis
Protects several organs
Reproductive organs
Urinary bladder
Part of the large intestine

26. The Pelvis
Figure 5.23a

27. Gender Differences of the Pelvis
Figure 5.23c

28. Bones of the Lower Limbs
The thigh has one bone
Femur
Figure 5.24a–b

29. Bones of the Lower Limbs
The lower leg has two bones
Tibia
Fibula
Figure 5.24c

30. Bones of the Lower Limbs
The foot
Tarsals – ankle
Metatarsals – sole
Phalanges – toes
Figure 5.25

31. Bone Growth
Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long bone during childhood
New cartilage is continuously formed
Older cartilage becomes ossified (ossification)
Cartilage is broken down
Bone replaces cartilage
Bones are remodeled and lengthened until growth stops
Bones change shape somewhat
Bones grow in width

32. Long Bone Formation and Growth
Figure 5.4a

33. The Aging Hand Worksheet

34. Bone Fractures A break in a bone Types of bone fractures
Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not penetrate the skin
Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin

35. Common Types of Fractures
Table 5.2

36. Repair of Bone Fractures
Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed
Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus
Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus
Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch

37. Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
Figure 5.5

38. No Bones About It
Joints: Bones are connected to other bones at joints.
There are many different types of joints, including:
fixed joints (such as in the skull, which consists of many bones)
hinged joints (such as in the fingers and toes), and
ball-and-socket joints (such as the shoulders and hips).

39. Joints Where two bones come together Functions: Classification:
Hold bones together
Allow for mobility
Classification:
Fibrous joints
Usually immovable
Cartilaginous joints
Immovable or slightly moveable
Synovial joints
Freely moveable

40. Maniken Joints Label 3 Maniken articulations per type:
1) Fibrous Joint (Green dot)
2) Cartilaginous (Red dot)
3) Synovial (yellow dot)

41. Fibrous Joints Bones united by fibrous tissue Examples
Sutures – very little movement
Syndesmoses
Allows more movement than sutures
Example: distal end of tibia and fibula
Figure 5.27a–b

42. Cartilaginous Joints Bones connected by cartilage Examples
Pubic symphysis
Intervertebral joints
Figure 5.27d–e

43. Synovial Joints Connecting bones are separated by a joint cavity
Synovial fluid is found in the joint cavity
Figure 5.24f–h

44. The Synovial Joint
Figure 5.28

45. Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape
Figure 5.29a–c

46. Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape
Figure 5.29d–f

47. Inflammatory Conditions Associated with Joints
Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction
Tendonitis – inflammation of tendon sheaths
Arthritis – inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints
Over 100 different types
The most widespread crippling disease in the United States

48. Clinical Forms of Arthritis
Osteoarthritis
Most common chronic arthritis
Probably related to normal aging processes
Rheumatoid arthritis
An autoimmune disease – the immune system attacks the joints
Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints
Often leads to deformities
Gouty Arthritis
Inflammation of joints is caused by a deposition of urate crystals from the blood
Can usually be controlled with diet

49. Do you have any skeletons in your closet?
How many bones have you broken and which ones?
How long did it/they take to heal?