1. Learning Objectives
I can identify two types of tools used in engineering and technology.
I can list some applications of physical & cyber tools used in engineering and technology.
I can identify some of the materials used for engineering & technology and how they’re classified.
I can explain three factors that can limit the use of materials and how they can be improved over time.

2. Ohio New Learning Standards for Science
Ohio 8th Grade, Science Inquiry & Application #3 (8.SIA.3) – Use appropriate mathematics, tools, and techniques to gather data and information.

3. Lesson Opener

4. Unit 1, Lesson 6 – Materials and Tools
What are the tools of technology?
- generally, there are two types of tools humans can use to do work more efficiently: physical tools and cyber tools
- physical tools are used to do physical work and have been used for thousands of years!
Complete #6, pg.76

5. Unit 1, Lesson 6 – Materials and Tools

6. Unit 1, Lesson 6 – Materials and Tools
- cyber tools are computer resources that use programs, or software, to do work
CAD (Computer-aided Design)
Flight Simulator

7. Unit 1, Lesson 6 – Materials and Tools
What are some of the materials of technology?
- the modification and study of materials is the field of materials science
- many of the materials we use every day (plastics, polyester, steel) were developed by materials scientists!

8. Unit 1, Lesson 6 – Materials and Tools
- materials are classified into categories based on their composition and they include the following:
1. metals – dense, strong, malleable, ductile, good thermal conductors

9. Unit 1, Lesson 6 – Materials and Tools
2. ceramics – inorganic, nonmetallic compounds, tolerate heat well, low electrical conductivity

10. Unit 1, Lesson 6 – Materials and Tools
3. polymers – large molecules made up of linked smaller molecules, plastics, low density, low electrical conductivity

11. Unit 1, Lesson 6 – Materials and Tools
4. semiconductors – compounds that have moderate electrical conductivity but low thermal conductivity!

12. Unit 1, Lesson 6 – Materials and Tools
6. exotic materials – these do not fit into any of the other categories and can be things like aerogels or Nano molecules

13. Unit 1, Lesson 6 – Materials and Tools
How are materials chosen?
- materials are chosen because of their physical & chemical properties
- chemical properties describe a material’s ability to take part in a chemical reaction (reactivity & flammability)
Sodium reacting in water!
Complete #13, pg.80

14. Unit 1, Lesson 6 – Materials and Tools

15. Unit 1, Lesson 6 – Materials and Tools
Pure Sodium in Water

16. Unit 1, Lesson 6 – Materials and Tools
- physical properties are the characteristics of a material that can be observed or measured without changing the material’s composition
- physical properties are density, malleability, ductility, thermal conductivity, solubility, boiling & melting points, hardness, or transparency

17. Unit 1, Lesson 6 – Materials and Tools
Density

18. Unit 1, Lesson 6 – Materials and Tools
What limits a material’s use?
- choosing materials requires thinking about three important things:
1. availability – some materials are incredibly expensive to mine, so they aren’t readily available

19. Unit 1, Lesson 6 – Materials and Tools
2. cost – some materials are very expensive to make or mine
3. degree of hazard – some materials work well, but can be very dangerous to use
Plutonium (highly radioactive!)

20. Unit 1, Lesson 6 – Materials and Tools
How are materials improved?
- scientists and engineers use the engineering design process when modifying materials
- materials are improved through rigorous rounds of testing and then modified to meet scientific needs
Natural Rubber vs. Vulcanized Rubber (rubber + sulfur + heat)
Complete #17 & 18, pg.83

21. Unit 1, Lesson 6 – Materials and Tools
How do new materials improve new technology?
- surprisingly, new materials help to create new technologies!

22. Visual Summary

23. Exit Question
What is one example of a physical tool and one example of a cyber tool?