1. SUPER-DOOPER CELL NOTES
Biology
2007

2. Biology - The study of life
Cell - Basic unit of structure and function of all living things
Cytology - The study of cells

3. History 1665 - Robert Hooke discovered “cells” by looking at cork
Leeuwenhoek viewed the first living cells in pond water
Schwann created the cell theory

4. Cell Theory All living things are made of cells.
The structure and function of an organism is related to the cell(s) it is made up of.
All cells come from existing cells through cellular division

5. The Animal Cell

6. Cell (Plasma) Membrane “gatekeeper”

7. All cells have one
The cell membrane is a bi-layer (two layers) of protein and lipids (fats)
Encloses the cell’s cytoplasm and organelles
Selectively controls what enters or exits the cells (selectively permeable)

8. Cytoplasm - “living stuff”
Chemical reactions take place here
Gives shape to cell & suspends organelles

9. Nucleus “control center”
• Surrounded by a nuclear membrane
• Contains the hereditary material (DNA)
• Contains the nucleolus that produces ribosomes

10. Deoxyribonucleic Acid - DNA
When the cell is not dividing, DNA is called chromatin.
When the cell is dividing, the DNA coils up into short fat sticks called chromosomes.

11. Ribosomes “protein factories”
Structural proteins (collagen, keratin, etc.)
Functional proteins (hormones, enzymes, cell membrane channels, etc.)

12. Endoplasmic Reticulum “canal system”
• Compartmentalizes the cell
• Transportation system

13. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
(RER)
Rough because ribosomes are attached to it.
Remember…
ribosomes synthesize proteins
Which type of cells have a lot of RER?

14. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
(SER)
Smooth because there are no ribosomes attached to it
Site of lipid synthesis
Involved in the detoxification of drugs and alcohol
A person with a severe drug or alcohol problem will have a lot of SER in what cells?

15. What are lipids??? Fats and oils Phospholipids (cell membranes)
Steroid lipids (i.e., cholesterol)
Cholesterol is the base for some steroid hormones such as estrogen & testosterone

16. Golgi Apparatus “bag boy/girl”

17. The golgi apparatus looks like a series of flattened sacs (resembles a stack of pancakes)
Concentrates and packages cell products for the cell

18. Mitochondria “power house”

19. Mitochondria Respiration center Site of energy production
Energy is produced in the form of ATP
Which cells will have the most mitochondria?

20. Lysosomes “garbage disposal”
Cleans up the cell
Contain enzymes that break apart macromolecules (proteins, fats, etc.)
Self-contained so the cell doesn’t destroy itself

21. Cytoskeleton “wonder bra”
Gives support & shape
Provides support for some movement

22. Centrioles
Used in cell division
Found only in animal cells

23. Vacuole “cactus”
Stores water for the cell

24. The human body is made of tissues

25. These tissues are made up of many cells working together

26. The tissues are organized…

27. Skin cells are layered…

28. Human Nerve Cell

29. Fat Cells

30. Red Blood Cells

31. Muscle Cells

32. Bone Cells

33. Cartilage Cells

34. Egg & Sperm Cells

35. Plant Cells

36. Cell Wall Thick rigid wall Provides shape and protection
Found only in plants

37. Vacuoles Huge storage centers for water in plants
(small in animal cells)

38. Chloroplasts Green organelles that photosynthesize
Only found in plants

39. Differences between plant and animal cells
Plants have a cell wall
Vacuoles are bigger in plants
Plants have chloroplasts
Centrioles are only found in animal cells