1. 19.4 Living and working conditions
Sydney Keith
Kayla France
Chris Wagner
Asia LaRocque
1st Period

2. Terms to define
Union: Association of workers that would collect dues and money of workers while on strike and planned actions and demand for the factory they worked act.
Free enterprise: economic system based on supply, demand, and competition, where laws and regulations are thought to interfere with international trade.
Utilitarianism: Belief that the the principle of utility, or usefulness, was the standard by which to measure a society and its law.
Strike: bargaining method involving the refusal of workers to work until their demands have been met.
Collective Bargaining: process of negotiation between union members and management. AL

3. Adam Smith cw Philosopher wrote a book in 1776 “The Wealth of Nations”
Strongly agreed with natural laws of “Supply and Demand” and of “Competition”. As demand for an item increases, prices rise, when manufacturers respond to the price increase by producing a larger supply of that item, this increases competition and drives the price down.
A strong believer in free enterprise which is ability for a business to organize and operate for profit in a competitive system without interference by government beyond regulation necessary to protect public interest and keep the national economy in balance. This benefits everyone because laborers would have jobs, owners would have profits, and consumers would have a better product at a lower price. cw CW

4. Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo: K.F
Malthus: Strongly supported Smith’s ideas. He was a clergyman who became a professor in economics. He wrote a book An Essay on the Principle of Population published in 1789 arguing that population increases present the greatest obstacle to human progress.
David Ricardo: Strong supporter of Smith’s ideas. He was an English businessman who got a large fortune early in life who was then elected to the house of commons.

5. Laissez-Faire: S.K
Meaning “let do” or leave things alone. The British started to practice this theory and in the 1840’s, most regulations were discontinued, such as tariffs which regulated foreign trade. Guilds and government no longer regulate the quantity and/or quality of goods and the hours and wages of workers.

6. Growing Interest Reform: A.L
Humanitarians were people who work to improve the conditions of others and urged reforms. Influential writers made the public aware of the terrible conditions in mines and factories.
Charles Dickens ( ex warehouse worker) used his novels “Dombey and Son and Hard Times” to attack selfish business leaders. Even the churches and ministers preached against selfish businesspeople.
Wages and hours were controversial everywhere. In great britain some reformers adopted the ideas of “Utilitarianism” The philosopher responsible for this believed that people needed education so they could better determine what things were good for them or made them happy. Followers of Bentham advocated the prison system, legal forms and education.

7. John Stuart Mill: S.K
John Stuart Mill believed in the theory of Laissez-Faire but criticized what he considered the economic injustices and inequalities of British society. Mill couldn’t accept and economic system that allowed the working class to be trapped in miserable poverty. He believed that government should do something to protect the working children and improve housing and factory conditions. Not only did Mill urge full democracy but also complete equality between men and women.

8. Early Reform Laws: A.L
Great britain made early attempts to improve working conditions throughout legislation. Working conditions for women and children scandalized many people. Beginning in 1891, Parliament attempted to legislate hours and conditions for children working in cotton mills. The factory act of 1833 allowed for investigation and enforcement of the previous acts measures and extended them to all textile factories.
Textile mills were now banned from hiring children under 9. Laws changed frequently regarding age and hours. In 1847 the passage of the 10 hours act was set in place, it said that women and anyone under age the age of 18 could only work 10 hours a day. But people were still having problems.

9. Worker Strikes
When workers went on strike they would make a list of demands and would work until each demand was met. Employers would either fire all the employees and hire new ones, or agree to the demands, or just wait for the workers to give up on strike and come back to work. Hundreds of strikes took place in industrial countries in the Strikers demanded higher wages, better hours, and more control over working conditions. Often times strikes turned into protests over general working and living conditions for the working class. Strike leaders demanded a reorganization of society to end the differences between the rich and poor, and also employers and workers. The protests ended when the government sent protesting troops to arrest protesting workers. CW

10. The Union Movement
Workers on strikes came together to form an association known as union that collected dues to support people on strikes. Many countries such as Germany, France, and Britain made unions illegal by the combination act, after they were convinced to do so by companies that were threatened. Many workers were angry by the new act and convinced Parliament to repeal it in This gave unions more power and a voice that was to be heard. Union and management representatives met to negotiate wages, hours, and working conditions. If bargainers came to agreeance then it would be put into a contract and would last for a fixed amount of time, this is known as collective bargaining. CW

11. SWABAT
Living and working conditions of the Industrial Revolution improved because of the reforms that took place. Workers were tired of working long shifts 6-7 days a week in terrible conditions. After somes protesting Britain had finally passed the 10 hour act in This law allowed women and children to work up to 10 hours a day in a textile factory. Workers were still upset that that all of their demand were not met such as better wages and working conditions so they continued to protest. Workers formed a union and later on negotiated wages, hours, and working conditions with management representatives. CW

12. Objective 1: K.F Explain Adam Smiths Law of Supply and Demand
Law of supply and demand- Smith believe prices and therefore profits will be fixed by the relationship of supple and demand. If an article is scarce and in great demand, people will pay a high price for it. Thus profits from its sale will rise.
Law of a competition- If too many manufacturers produce the same article, the price of the item will go down so far that some manufacturers will not make enough money to cover their costs. The least efficient business will be run out of business. When manufacturers quit producing te article will decrease and the proce will go up.

13. Objective 2: S.K
Describe the Theory of Utilitarianism was social reform.
The greater good. In Bentham's book “an introduction to the principles of morals and legislation,” he craved that every act of a society should be judged in terms of its utility, or useful. A law was useful, and therefore good, if it let to “the greatest happiness of the greater number” of people. Bentham believed that people needed education so they could better determine what things were good for them or made them happy.

14. Objective 3: A.L
A reform: movement is the kind of social movement that aims to make gradual change, or change in certain aspects of society, rather than rapid or fundamental changes. A reform movement is distinguished from more radical social movements such as revolutionary movements. People wanted change in the work place, people weren't getting paid enough to live and were working crazy Hours. People were not fond of this and striked the places they worked. Eventually the government had to do something. Laws were made so that children under the age of 8 could only work 10 hours a day, but later that changed to ages 18 and younger could only work 10 hours along with women. This Was called the ten hour act

15. Objective 4
Workers tried to improve their unfair situation by going on strike. Hundreds of strikes took place in industrial countries in the 1800s. Strikers demanded higher wages, better hours, and more control over working conditions. Many strikes turned into protests against general working and living conditions for the working class. Unions were formed to support workers on strike. Later on the union met with management representatives to negotiate working conditions, hours, and wages. CW