1. Biochemistry

2. Chemistry of Life
Biochemistry = the study of the chemistry of life (involving matter)
Matter = anything that takes up space and has mass—atoms are the basic unit of matter
Atomic Parts:
1. Nucleus—center of the atom
2. Proton---positive (+) charge, found in nucleus
3. Electron---negative (-) charge, form electron clouds or levels around the nucleus
4. Neutron---no charge, found in nucleus
***Always the same number of protons and electrons

3. Basic Chemistry Atoms are the basic unit of matter. Made of:
Protons (+)
Neutrons (/)
Electrons (-)

4. Periodic Table of Elements
Atomic #
(tells # of protons
and electrons) 6
C symbol
Carbon element name
Atomic mass
(sum of protons
and neutrons)

5. Classes of Matter:
Elements ----any substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler chemical substance
Ex. Oxygen
**N, C, H, and O make up 96% of the mass of a human
**The smallest part of an element is the atom

6. Classes of Matter Cont.:
Compound --- a substance made of atoms of 2 or more different elements chemically combined
Molecule—group of atoms held together by covalent bonds—smallest unit of a compound
Ex. H2O---2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen atom
Ex. NaCl---1 sodium atom and 1 chlorine atom

7. Classes of Matter cont.:
Mixtures (do not combine chemically)-----ex. salt and pepper; dirt and rocks
Solutions ---- ex. Kool-Aid
2 parts of a solution
1. solute—substance dissolved
2. solvent---does the dissolving

8. Chemical Bonds:
Covalent bond ---when 2 atoms combine by sharing electrons
Ionic Bonds ---when atoms gain or lose electrons when combining with other atoms (so, they become charged)
**Ion---a charged particle

9. Compounds Important to Life:
Inorganic Compounds -- come from nonliving things----ex. Water
Organic Compounds --come from things that are or were once living and contain carbon----ex. carbon dioxide
Both kinds are essential for living things
Water an inorganic molecule that has unique properties---one of the most important compounds to living things---it is polar—also a universal solvent

10. Acids, Bases, and pH
Acids  make hydrogen ions (H+) in water; are bitter to the taste
Examples: lemon juice, vinegar, stomach acid
Bases  make hydroxide ions (OH-) in water; are slippery to the touch
Examples: soaps, Clorox, Pepto Bismol
pH Scale  scale that measures how acidic or basic a substance is
Range (0- 14): <7 = acid; >7 = base; =7 is neutral
Buffer used to maintain a certain pH.

11. Biochemistry Organic Compounds:
Monomer – the smallest unit of a substance (also called building block or subunit)
Example: one Lego block
Polymer – many monomers linked together to make a large structure; sometimes called macromolecules or biological molecules
Example: Lego blocks put together to make a Lego house

12. Biochemistry Types of Organic Molecules (Macromolecules) Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

13. Carbohydrates

14. Carbohydrates (subunit: monosaccharides also known as simple sugars)
Also called sugars and starches
To test for the presence of:
A. Sugar >Benedict’s Solution
B. Starch >Iodine (Lugol’s Solution)

15. Carbohydrates One unit of sugar (monomer ) monosaccharide
Example: glucose, fructose
Two units of sugar  Disaccharide
Example: sucrose, lactose
Many units of sugars (polymer)  Polysaccharide

16. Function: to store and release quick energy (but if not used, these are stored as fat)
Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio (Example: C6H12O6)
Typically end in –ose (Example: glucose)

17. Carbohydrates Examples : a. Starch  sugars in plants
b. Glycogen  energy storage in animal muscle (makes muscle meat dark)
c. Cellulose  found in plant cell walls; animals can not digest (roughage)
Chitin  in insect exoskeletons
e. Glucose –simple sugar essential for life’s processes

18. Lipids

19. Lipids
(made of glycerol and 3 fatty acids)—NOT a Polymer

20. Lipids To test for the presence of Lipids use…”Brown Paper Bag”
Function: Energy source (long term energy); Helps make up cell membranes; Insulation and body padding
Examples: waxes, oils, fats, phospholipids, and steroids

21. Lipids Types of Lipids (Fats): {lipids are not soluble in water}
Saturated – bonds in molecule are unbendable; tend to clog arteries; typically from animals (fats, butter, lard)
Unsaturated – some bonds in molecule bend; better, but can still clog arteries; typically from plants (oils)
Polyunsaturated – many bonds in molecule bend; best type of fat to eat; typically from plants (oils)

23. Proteins

24. Proteins (subunit: amino acids) Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur
To test for the presence of Proteins use …..Biuret Solution
Monomer  amino acids
Polymer  polypeptide
There are 20 common amino acids

26. Proteins Functions: Examples: Enzymes, Insulin, Hemoglobin
Growth and repair
Provides structural support
Homeostasis regulation (hormones and enzymes)
Examples: Enzymes, Insulin, Hemoglobin

27. Nucleic Acids

28. Nucleic Acids (subunit: Nucleotide)
Function : control genetic information
Examples:
DNA  deoxyribonucleic acid (genetic information; Directions for making proteins)
RNA  ribonucleic acid (assists with protein building)

29. ***Nucleotides are made up of 3 parts: Sugar, Phosphate and Nitrogen Base

30. Enzymes
Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions---they are called a catalyst
They are necessary for all biochemical reactions (metabolism)
Enzymes are reusable

31. Enzymes are substrate specific based on shape---”lock and key fit”
Active Site = where substrate and enzyme bind

32. Enzymes are affected by factors such as temperature and pH
High temperatures can destroy the shape of enzymes---they can’t “fit” with the substrate anymore therefore they can’t perform their job properly
Low temperatures cause enzymes to slow down so reaction rate decreases
High enzyme concentration or high substrate concentration causes reaction rate to increase

33. Store and release energy
Macro-molecule
Subunit
Examples
Function
Carbohydrate
Mono-sacchride
Starch, cellulose, insulin, glycogen, glucose
Store and release energy
Proteins
Amino acids
Enzymes, hemoglobin
Structure, metabolism
Lipids
Fatty acids & glycerol
Fats, oils
Long term energy storage, insulation
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotide
DNA, RNA
Store genetic information;
Make Protein

34. Review Carbohydrates Sugar > Benedicts’s Solution
Starch >Iodine (Lugol’s Solution)
Proteins > Biuret Solution
Lipids > Brown Paper Bag (Spot test)
or Sudan III