1. When two or more atoms bond together, a/an __________ is formed.

2. Biochemistry Intro Notes
We are going to start studying life on the smallest level, a level so small you cannot even see with a regular microscope…
A Molecular Level….

3. Matter Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space
Matter is made up of different elements (periodic table)
Does the air in this room contain matter? Why?

4. Elements
Elements are pure substances that consist entirely of one type of atom.
Elements are represented by one or two letter chemical symbol.
What chemical symbol represents carbon? Helium?

5. Which of the following contains only one element?
NaCl
C6H12O6
H2O2 O2

6. Main Elements in Living Matter
90% of all living matter is composed of just 4 elements
Carbon C
Hydrogen H
Oxygen O
Nitrogen N
97% with Phosphorous (P) and Sulfur (S)

7. Atoms necessary for life

8. Molecules
Molecules form when two or more atoms bond or associate together
Molecules have different properties than the elements that make them up.

9. Sodium (Na+)
Chlorine (Cl-) (gas) +
Table Salt (NaCl)

10. Practice
Which of the following are molecules?
H2SO4
CO2
H2O O2

12. How many atoms are in H2SO4?

13. Chemical Reactions Chemical reactions rearrange bonds
Nothing is created nor destroyed, just rearranged
Reactants  products

14. Practice What are the reactants? What are the products?
4Al + 3O2  2Al2O3
2 N2O5    4 NO2 + O2
What are the products?
CaCO3   CaO + CO2
4H2(g) + O2(g)  2H2O(l)

15. Metabolic Reactions Catabolic reactions:
Break down complex molecules into smaller ones
Releases energy
Forms waste
Fuels anabolic reactions
Ex. Digestion, cellular respiration
Anabolic reactions:
Build complex molecules from simpler ones
Needs an energy input
Necessary for growth
Ex. Protein synthesis, photosynthesis

16. Catabolic fuels anabolic

17. Organic molecules
Organic molecules- molecules that contain carbon atoms
Exceptions: carbon dioxide (CO2), Calcium carbonate (CaCO3), and plastics
Biomolecules – organic molecules built and used in living organisms
Organisms are “organic” meaning carbon based

18. Organic molecules Molecule with all atoms shown
Same molecule with carbon chain not shown
Every point has a carbon atom

19. Organic molecules Glucose is an organic molecule Formula: C6H12O6
Forms a ring structure when placed in water
Ring structure diagram does not directly show carbon atoms. One atom at each point.

20. Biomolecules The 4 main classifications of biomolecules are
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

21. How are biomolecules made or broken down?
Through chemical reactions:
Sucrose  Glucose + Fructose
Amino acid + amino acid  Polypeptide

22. Biomolecule formation
Monomer – a molecule that tends to link with other molecules of its kind to form a chain
Polymer – a large molecule made up of repeating monomers
Monomer + monomer + monomer = polymer
The four main biomolecules each have monomers and polymers

23. Biomolecule formation
Polymers are built through dehydration synthesis (or condensation) reactions which bond two monomers together
Polymers are broken down into individual monomers through hydrolysis reactions
In digestion, the polymers in your food are broken down through hydrolysis and then rebuilt through dehydration reactions in your cells

24. Dehydration (condensation) reaction summary:
Monomer + monomer  polymer + H2O
An OH group from the end of one monomer bonds with a H from the end of another monomer
A water molecule is lost from the reactants and is formed as a product (condenses out)
A bond is formed between the 2 open atoms on each end of the monomers to form a polymer

25. Dehydration/condensation

26. Polymer decomposition through hydrolysis
H2O + polymer  monomer + monomer
A water molecule is added to break the bond
The OH group from the water molecule bonds with the end of one monomer and the H bonds with the end of the other monomer
This breaks the bond between the two monomers

27. Polymers
The properties of polymer molecules are determined by the individual monomers and their arrangement

28. Practice
Is this hydrolysis or dehydration synthesis?

29. Draw it out
Draw 3 monomers joining together in a bond through dehydration synthesis.
Draw 1 polymer breaking apart to 3 separate monomers through hydrolysis.