1. Chapter 4 Universal Design
- Define Universal Design
- Seven Principles of universal design of
interactive system
4.2 Multi-Modal Technology
4.3 Accessibility in user interfaces
4.4 Emerging technologies in interface design
Norshadila Binti Ahmad Badela

2. LEARNING OUTCOME
Apply basic HCI theories, concepts and techniques to real life IT project development
Prepared by Mdm PYTan

3. 4.1 Universal Design
Universal Design is about designing systems so that they can be used by anyone in any circumstance
Universal Design is the process of designing products so that they can be used by as many people as possible in as many situations as possible

4. In reality, we may not be able to design everything to be accessible to everyone
We certainly cannot ensure that everyone has the same experience of using a product
But we can work toward the aim of universal design and try to provide an equivalent experience

5. Universal design means designing for diversity
Universal Design is primarily about trying to ensure that you do not exclude anyone through the design choices you make but, by giving thought to these issues, you will invariably make your design better for everyone
Universal design means designing for diversity
people with sensory, physical or cognitive impairment
people of different ages
people from different cultures or backgrounds

6. 4.1 Seven Principles of universal design of interactive system
Equitable use
Flexibility in use
Simple and intuitive to use
Perceptible information
Tolerance for error
Low physical effort
Size and space for approach and use

7. 1. Equitable use
The design is useful to people with range of ability and appealing to all
No user is excluded or stigmatized
Access should be the same for all
Safety, security and privacy should be available to all

8. 2. Flexibility in use
The design allows for range of ability and preference, through choice of methods of use and adaptively to the user’s pace, precision and custom

9. 3. Simple and intuitive to use
Simple and intuitive to use regardless of knowledge, experience, language or level of concentration of the user.
The design needs to support the user’s expectations and accommodate different language and literacy skills.
Provide prompting and feedback.

10. 4. Perceptible information
Design should provide effective communication of information regardless of the environmental condition or the user’s abilities.
Essential information should be emphasized and differentiated clearly from the peripheral content.

11. 5. Tolerance for error
Minimizing the impact and damage caused by mistakes or unintended behavior.
Potentially dangerous situations should be removed or made hard to reach.
Potential hazards should be shielded by warnings.

12. 6. Low physical effort
System should be designed to be comfortable to use, minimizing physical effort and fatigue.
The physical design of the system should allow the user to maintain a natural posture with reasonable operating effort.

13. 7. Size and space for approach and use
The placement of the system should be such that it can be reached and used by any user regardless of body size, posture and mobility.
Allow for variation in hand size
Provide room for assistive devices

14. Multi-Modal Technology
Providing access to information through more than one mode of interaction is an important principle of universal design.
The design known as multi-modal interaction
There are five senses:
– Sight
– Sound
– Touch
– Taste
– Smell

15. Sight Sight is the predominant sense for majority
people, most interactive systems consequently use the visual channel as their primary means of presentation, through graphics, text, video and animation.

16. Sound Important channel
Keeping us aware of our surroundings, monitoring people and events around us, reacting sudden noises, providing clues and cues that switch our attention from one thing to another.
Providing emotional effect on us – music

17. Touch Forms an intrinsic part of the operation of many tools
Cars, musical instruments, pens, anything that requires holding or moving

18. Taste and Smell Often less appreciated (until they are absent)
Provide useful information in daily life: checking food, detecting early sign of fire

19. Alternative Mode of HCI
Sound in the interface
Touch in the interface
Handwriting recognition
Gesture recognition

20. 1. Sound in the interface Sound – important contributor to usability
Experimental evidences:
– Addition of audio confirmation of modes, in form of changes in key clicks, reduces errors
– Video games: Experts tend to score less well when the sound is turned off than when it is on
Dual presentation of information through sound and vision supports universal design, by enabling access for users with visual and hearing impairments respectively.
Two general types:
– Speech
– Non Speech
Examples:
Speech-based word processors
Telephone-based system
Interactive systems that give feedback

21. 2. Touch in the interface
Touch is the only sense that can be used to both send and receive information
Used of touch in the interface is known as haptic interaction
Haptics is a generic term relating to touch, but it can be roughly divided into two areas:
– Cutaneous perception
Concerned with tactile
sensations through skin
– Kinesthetic
Perception of movement and
position
Tactile devices:
Electronic braille display
Force feedback devices in VR equipment

22. 3. Handwriting Recognition
Handwriting – natural form of communication
Using digitizing tablet, refined by incorporating a thin screen on top to display the information, producing electronic paper
Example:
Digitizing tablet
Electronic paper

23. 4. Gesture Recognition
Being able to control the computer with certain movement of the hand would be advantageous in many situations where there is no possibility of typing.
Could also support communication for people who have hearing loss
Technology of capturing gestures is expensive
Examples:
Data glove
Computer vision

24. Accessibility in User Interfaces
The needs of the accessibility guidelines and standards
Accessibility features in user interfaces :
Biometric Access Control (e.g: Fingerprint,Palm Scan,Hand Geometry, Iris Scan, Signature Dynamics,Keyboard Dynamics, Voice Print, Facial Scan, Hand Topography)
Narrator (e.g : Jenwave, Powertalk,Speechexpert)

25. Biometric Access Control
Verifies an identity by analyzing a unique person attribute or behavior (e.g., what a person “is”).
Most expensive way to prove identity, also has difficulties with user acceptance.
Access Controls: The security features that control how users and systems communicate and interact with one another.
Access: The flow of information between subject and object
Subject: An active entity that requests access to an object or the data in an object
Object: A passive entity that contains information

26. Narrator
Narrator is a Text-to-Speech utility for users who are blind or have impaired vision.
Narrator reads what is displayed on your screen: the contents of the active window, menu options, or the text that you type.
Narrator is designed to work with the Notepad, WordPad, Control Panel programs, Microsoft Internet Explorer, the Windows desktop, and Windows Setup.

27. Narrator
Narrator may not read words aloud correctly in other programs.
Narrator Software :
Jenwave
Powertalk
Speechexpert

28. Emerging Technology Overview
Emerging technologies are those which are just beginning to be adopted or are at the initial acceptance stage, and are expected to make a significant contribution to the world of IT and the businesses that implement them.

29. Emerging Technologies : Definition
A novel computer technology with promising properties, use and significance, for which the implications for human-computer interaction are still unclear

30. Emerging Technologies: Examples
The Burton Amp Jacket
BMW Assist
Disney’s Pirates of the Caribbean
Are different from desktop computers in physical apperance use contexts
All represent different directions of development
Mobility
Immersion
Context-awareness
Multi-modality…
What is an emerging technology? => examples…
The Burton Amp Jacket
User controls MP3 player by touching specific areas of his jacket
Disney’s Pirates of the Caribbean
Users steer a physical boat through a virtual environment by collectively operating helm and cannons
BMW Assist
User drives the car and receives route planning information based on the car’s location through a mix of text, graphics and speech.
These technologies…
Are different from desktop computers in physical apperance use contexts
All represent different directions of development
Mobility
Immersion
Context-awareness
Multi-modality…
Prepared by Mdm PYTan

31. The Burton Amp Jacket A mobile music system built into a jacket
User controls MP3 player by touching specific areas of his jacket
Prepared by Mdm PYTan

32. BMW Assist A context-aware car navigation system
User drives the car and receives route planning information based on the car’s location through a mix of text, graphics and speech.
Prepared by Mdm PYTan

33. Disney’s Pirates of the Caribbean
An immersive theme park ride
Users steer a physical boat through a virtual environment by collectively operating helm and cannons
Prepared by Mdm PYTan

34. Input and Output Technologies
Input technologies allow people and other technologies to put data into a computer. The two main types of input devices are:
a. Human Data Entry devices include keyboards, mouse, trackball, joystick, touch screen, stylus and voice recognition;
b. Source-data automation devices input data with minimal human intervention (e.g. barcode reader).
Speed up data collection
Reduce errors
Gather data at the source of a transaction or other event.

35. Input Devices Input devices are used to get data into a system.
They should be able to do this as accurately and quickly as possible, and with the minimum of human intervention.

36. Output Devices
Output generated by a computer can be transmitted to the user over several output devices and media.
Includes monitors, printers, plotters and voice

37. Introduction of Mobile Computing & Wearable Computing
Mobile Computing –paradigm in which users carry their personal computers and retain connectivity to other machines
- Handheld computing (use PDAs, iPhones)
Wearable Computing –paradigm where users carry wearable computing devices on their person (clothes, watches, rings, ..)

38. Mobile Computer System
Systems running on small, lightweight computing devices
Technology so small it fits in one‟s hand or pocket
Facilitates high level of mobility
Portability-are fundamentally different from stationary machines such as desktop computers
Small Storage Capacity
Low Power
Small User Interface
Risks to Data-more prone to complete data loss
Allows user to access information while moving through physical space

39. Wearable Computing
A wearable computer „facilitates a new form of human-computer interaction‟ that isn‟t possible with even today‟s most sophisticated devices.
This means that the computer is always with the user and always interacting, completely intertwined with the user.
A wearable computer should be a continuation of its user, working like a natural part of the body, not an external apparatus.
Example : Augmented Reality, VR

40. Differences Between Mobile Computing & Wearable Computing
Systems running on small, lightweight computing devices
Facilitates high level of mobility
Portability
Small Storage Capacity
Low Power
Small User Interface
Risks to Data
Allows user to access information while moving through physical space
the computer is always with the user and always interacting, completely intertwined with the user.
should be a continuation of its user, working like a natural part of the body, not an external apparatus
Facilitates high level of immersion into virtual space and mobility
Allows the user to explore virtual environments and see the real world with virtual objects superimposed

41. Impact of Emerging Technologies
Some emerging technologies may result in the lengthening of human life, the development of artificial intelligence and the enhancement of human sensory perception.
Such results can be controversial and can inspire debates about ethical use, topics that organizations such as the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies seek explicitly to address.
The effect that emerging technologies have on the world can vary greatly depending on the type of technology.
The National Science Foundation examines the effects of nanotechnology and biotechnology on the environment with programs such as sensor networks to measure and monitor the environmental impact of nanoparticles.
At the same time, regulatory entities such as the Federal Trade Commission monitor the financial impact of emerging technologies on consumers.

42. Thank You…
Prepared by Mdm PYTan