1. Problem Pregnancies
Birth Defects

2. What do you hope your children never have to go through? Explain.
Bell Ringer October 26th, 2011
What do you hope your children never have to go through? Explain.

3. The King and the Scratched Diamond
Once there was a king, who had a beautiful, large pure diamond. There was no other diamond like it in the world. One day, it became deeply scratched. The king called his best diamond cutters, “I’ll promise you a great reward if you can remove the imperfection from my jewel.” But they could not. The king was very upset. .

4. Many months later, a man came to the king
Many months later, a man came to the king. He promised to make the diamond even more beautiful than it ever had been. Impressed by the man’s confidence, the king consented. He watched as the man engraved an exquisite rosebud around the blemish and used the scratch to make its stem.
--A parable of the Preacher of Dubno from Jewish folklore

5. Conclusion
This story can easily be equated to birth defects. Even though a child with a birth defect may not appear to be perfect, he/she still has great abilities and opportunities to apply himself/herself in life. Rather than emphasizing the problem, we must focus on the abilities of the person

6. Discussion
How may of you know someone who has had a problem pregnancy?
Did she ever think anything like that could happen to her?
No one plans on having a problem pregnancy, but everyone should know something about the potential problems in order to safeguard their health and the health of their fetus.

7. FACTS About 150,000 babies are born each year with birth defects.
The parents of one out of every 28 babies receive the frightening news that their baby has a birth defect
There are over 4,000 known birth defects
Birth defects are the leading cause of death in the first year of life

12. What is a Birth Defect?
An abnormality of structure, function or body metabolism (inborn error of body chemistry) present at birth that results in physical or mental disability or is fatal.
Usually everyone is born with some type of birth defect like birthmarks

13. What causes birth defects?
Both genetic and environmental factors can cause birth defect. However, the causes of about 60% of birth defects are currently unknown.
A single abnormal gene can cause birth defects. Every human being has about 100,000 genes that determine traits like eye color, hair, etc.

14. Heredity vs Environment
based upon your internal genetic make up
Environment
Based upon influences in your environment that surrounds you
People, chemicals, media, weather, experiences

15. Environmental Causes The nutritional balance of the mother's diet
Any diseases or infections the mother has during pregnancy
Harmful substances such as alcohol, tobacco smoke, and drugs, including some medicines that would ordinarily benefit the mother
Exposure to outside hazards such as radiation

16. Heredity or Environment? Activity: ws
Color of hair
Color of eyes
Color of Skin
General health
Personality traits
Strength of eyesight
Physical strength IQ
Height
Relationship with family
Relationship with friends
Level of education
Sex
Body Type
Weight
Religious involvement
Birth Defects
Blood Type

17. Sexually Transmitted Disease (STDs)
STD’s can be passed on from an infected mother to the developing baby
Serious illness, deformity, death
Possible to have an STD and not know it
State law requires some STD tests

18. STD Related Birth Defects
Low birth weight
Conjunctivitis (pinkeye_

19. Illegal drugs Pass on addiction to baby
Go through withdrawal:
Painful illness resulting from the bodies dependence on drugs
Cocaine can cause miscarriage, stillbirth, prematurity, and birth defects

20. Other Drugs Prescribed medicines Over the counter remedies
Aspirin, cold medicines, nose drops, and vitamins
Chemicals such as caffeine, found in some foods and beverages, and nicotine found in tobacco
Illegal drugs
Inhalants

21. Prescription or over the counter drugs
Thalidomide
Used to relieve morning sickness in the 50’s
Caused severe birth defects in over 5,000 babies before the effects were discovered.
Medicines and infections during the first three months have the most devastating effects.
Last 6 months: slow growth, infections, or abnormal bleeding at birth

22. Drug Related Birth Defects
Thalidomide

23. Coffee, tea, cocoa, soft drinks Avoid large amounts
Caffeine
Coffee, tea, cocoa, soft drinks
Avoid large amounts
Controversial as to real effects

24. Tobacco The more a mother smokes, the mother her baby is likely to be
Can cause premature birth

25. Rubella German measles
Deafness, blindness, heart disease, and/or mental retardation
Vaccine for rubella is now available, but may be dangerous if you are already pregnant

26. ? QUESTIONS ? What if I only drink a little while pregnant?
I don’t drink the hard stuff…
is that okay?
Will I be okay if I stop the last few months.
Beer doesn’t count, does it?

27. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Drinking alcohol during pregnancy can cause Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) and Fetal Alcohol Effect (FAE).
When a pregnant woman drinks alcohol, the developing embryo and fetus drinks, too.
Because of its relative size to the mother and because it metabolizes alcohol more slowly than the adult mother, the developing embryo and fetus experiences higher levels of alcohol concentration.

28. Fetal Alcohol Sydrome
The U.S. Public Health Service has indicated that there is no safe level of alcohol use during pregnancy

29. FAS is a cluster of related conditions. FAS includes:
facial abnormalities (such as small eyelid openings, short nose, flat mid-face)
poor coordination
poor growth
hyperactive behavior
learning disabilities
developmental disabilities
mental retardation or low IQ

32. Heredity and the Environment
Most birth defects are believed to result from a combination of heredity and environment
Probably the cause for
Cleft lip
Cleft palate
Spina bifida

33. Hereditary causes Passing on defective genes
Often defective genes are recessive and must be passed on from both parents
Sex linked inheritance

34. Errors in chromosomes
Some birth defects are linked to a problem with the chromosomes
To many or too few
The most common is Down syndrome
1 in every 650 births
Risk increases as the mother gets older
Although this type of defect involves genetic material it is not the same as a hereditary defect
The child does not inherit the defect from the parents

35. Types of Birth Defects Choose 1 for presentation
1. Malformations present at birth defects such as congenital heart malformation, spina bifida (open spine), cleft palate, clubfoot 2. Inborn errors of metabolism Defects such as PKU, Tay Sachs disease 3. Blood Disorders Defects such as sickle cell anemia, hemophilia, thalassemia. 4. Chromosomal Abnormalities Conditions such as Down’s Syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, Turner Syndrome. 5. Prenatal damage Cases include certain infections, drugs, maternal disorders such as diabetes, high blood pressure, Rh disease, umbilical cord accidents, difficult labor or delivery, premature birth.

36. Birth Defect Presentations

37. Avoiding Environmental Hazards
Unit 2
Chapter 5

38. Activity
Case Studies

39. Can birth defects be prevented?
While the causes of most birth defects are not known, there are a number of steps a woman can take to reduce her risk of having a baby with a birth defect.
Visit a health care provider for a pre-pregnancy check up. Especially if a woman has health problems
When pregnant take daily multivitamin containing 400 mg of the B-vitamin folic Acid
Avoid alcohol, drugs, smoking, prescription or over-the-counter medication with out checking with her health care provider.

40. Factors that contribute to Birth Defects:
Overweight
Underweight
Jewish decent
African American
Last birth was less than 12 month ago
Has had a baby that weighed less than d ½ pounds
Has had 3 or more miscarriages
Has had more than 5 pregnancies
Has had a still born baby

41. Drinks alcohol
Has personal habits that are different from most people
Uses prescription drugs
Has used street drugs
Takes vitamins
Drinks caffeine
Has had exposure to chemicals
Live in a home built before 1955
Constant exposure to cats
Has had x-rays during pregnancy

42. No immunizations against rubella Rh factor Miscarriage
High blood pressure
Diabetes
Health problems:
Genital herpes Diabetes
Gonorrhea High blood pressure
Syphilis Heart disease
Epilepsy Anemia
No immunizations against rubella
Rh factor
Miscarriage

43. Can some birth defects be diagnosed before birth?
Some birth defects can be diagnosed before birth. Some prenatal tests that can be taken are:
Ultrasound
Amniocentesis
Chronic villus sampling

44. Can birth defects be treated before birth?
Advances in prenatal therapy now make it possible to treat some birth defects before birth.
Prenatal surgery – urinary-tract blockages, rare tumors in the lungs, spina bifida, ph disease,

45. Student Reports Divide students into groups of 3.
Students will review and collect information from the March of Dimes and other resources.
Report to the class information gathered about assigned birth defect.

46. http://www.acog.org/publications/patient_educ ation/bp146.cfm