1. The Lymphatic System and Immunity
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2. Straw-colored, similar to plasma
LYMPH –
Straw-colored, similar to plasma
Composed of H2O lymphocytes, O2, digested nutrients, etc., but no red cells or protein (too large)

3. Lymph – fluid that goes between capillary blood and tissues.
Carries digested food, O2, and hormones to cells
Carries wastes back to the capillaries for excretion
Since lymphatic system has not pump, skeletal muscle action squeezes lymph along
Lymph in tissues is interstitial fluid.

4. Lymph Vessels
Lymph vessels- transport excess tissue fluid back into circulatory system
Located in almost all tissues and organs that have blood vessels
1.Valves prevent backward flow
2.Lymph flows in only one direction-from body organs to heart
3. Closely parallel veins
4.Tissue lymph enter small lymph vessels which drain into larger lymph vessels (lymphatics) into two main lymphatics –the thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct
Thoracic duct – largest lymph vessel

5. Lymph Nodes Tiny oval shaped; size of a pinhead to size of an almond
Located in the neck
Produce lymphocytes
Filter out harmful bacteria
If substance can’t be destroyed, node become inflamed.

6. Tonsils
Masses of lymphatic tissue that produce lymphocytes and filter bacteria – they get smaller in size as person gets older
Get smaller as person gets older
Palatine tonsils- located in back of throat
Adenoids tonsils on upper part of throat
Lingual tonsils located on the dorsal surface of the base of the tongue

7. Spleen Produce lymphocytes and monocytes Filters blood
Blood reservoir- Stores large amounts of RBCs – contracts during vigorous exercise or loss of blood, to release RBC’s
Recycles-destroys old or fragile RBC’s
Sac-like mass of lymphatic tissue
Upper left abdominal cavity just below diaphragm.

8. Thymus Upper anterior chest above the heart
Thymus is lymphatic and endocrine gland
Largest and most active during the neonatal and pre-adolescent periods
Produces lymphocytes
Completes its work by puberty and is replaced by adipose (fat) tissue.

9. Structure cont. .

10. Immunity- the body’s ability to resist disease.
NATURAL IMMUNITY – at birth, inherited and permanent. Includes:
Unbroken skin
Mucus and tears
Blood phagocytes
Local inflammation

11. PASSIVE ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
Body’s reaction to invaders.
PASSIVE ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
From injecting antibodies, only lasts a few weeks

12. Active Acquired immunity
Lasts longer
NATURAL ACQUIRED IMMUNITY – result of having had and recovered from a disease. For example, a child who had measles will usually not get it again – child’s body has manufactured antibodies.
ARTIFICIAL ACQUIRED IMMUNITY comes from being vaccinated
IMMUNIZATION
Antigen injected into a person to stimulate production of antibodies

13. Disorders of the Lymphatic System
TONSILLITIS
In childhood, they may become infected, enlarged,
cause difficulty swallowing
Tonsillectomy in extreme cases
Lymphadenitis generalized enlargement of the lymph nodes (adenitis)
Enlargement of the lymph glands
Occurs when infection is present and body is attempting to fight off the infection.

14. HODGKIN’S DISEASE
Cancer of the lymph nodes,
Painless swelling of lymph nodes is early symptom.
Rx – chemotherapy and radiation
INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS
1. Caused by virus
2. Frequently in young adults and children
3. Spread by oral contact (kissing)
4. Symptoms – enlarged lymph nodes, fever, physical and mental fatigue,  leukocytes
5. Rx- bedrest

15. Hypersensitivity 1. Abnormal response to a drug or allergen.
2. Antibodies made in response to foreign material ALLERGEN irritate certain body cells
3. Allergen - is an antigen that causes allergic responses. (Examples of allergens – ragweed, penicillin, bee stings, foods, etc.)

16. Anaphylaxis 1. Severe, sometimes fatal allergic reaction
2. Antigen-antibody reaction stimulates a massive secretion of histamine
3. Symptoms – breathing problems, headache, facial swelling, falling blood pressure, stomach cramps, and vomiting
4. Rx – adrenaline
5. Those who have hypersensitivity to bee stings should wear a medic alert bracelet

17. HIV/AIDS 1. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome 2. Caused by HIV
3. Three responses to HIV infection:
a. AIDS – full disorder
b. ARC – AIDS – related complex
c. Asymptomatic infection
4. Screening tests for HIV available.
5. AIDS victim subject to opportunistic infections (cancer, infections) that a healthy person would fight off but AIDS victim has compromised immune response.
6. Incubation period – 1 month to 12 years.

18. AIDS 7. RX and prevention- advances being made.
8. ARC – AIDS- related complex – HIV but not AIDS – less severe symptoms.
9. Transmission
a. Sex with someone HIV positive
b. Sharing needles with infected drug users.
c. At birth from infected mother
10. Cannot be spread by casual contact, coughing, sneezing, shaking hands and sharing eating utensils.
11. Prevention – avoid risky behaviors and observe standard precautions.

19. System Lupus Erythematosus
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue. It can affect the skin, joints, kidneys, brain, and other organs.
The underlying cause of autoimmune diseases is not fully known.
SLE is much more common in women than men. It may occur at any age, but appears most often in people between the ages of 10 and 50. African Americans and Asians are affected more often than people from other races.
Symptoms vary from person to person, and may come and go. Almost everyone with SLE has joint pain and swelling. Some develop arthritis. The joints of the fingers, hands, wrists, and knees are often affected.
Skin rash -- a "butterfly" rash in about half people with SLE. The rash is most often seen over the cheeks and bridge of the nose, but can be widespread. It gets worse in sunlight

21. Standard Precautions Patient care equipment and linens
Guidelines to be used in patient care setting
Must be used when there is contact with blood, any body fluid (except sweat), mucous membranes and non-intact skin.
Handwashing – the single most effective way to prevent infection.
Wash hands after touching body fluids, even if gloves are worn.
Wash hands immediately after removing gloves, between patient contacts.
Use a plain (non-antimicrobial) soap
Wash for a minimum of 10 seconds
Personal protective equipment
Gloves – worn when touching blood, body fluids, etc.
Mask, eye protection, face shield and gown – during patient care activities that may generate splashes or sprays of blood, body fluids, etc.
Patient care equipment and linens
Handle with care,
Don’t let it touch your or clothing, clean or discard appropriately.

22. To be diagnosed with lupus, you must have 4 out of 11 common signs of the disease.
Your doctor will do a physical exam and listen to your chest. An abnormal sound called a heart friction rub or pleural friction rub may be heard. A nervous system exam will also be done.
Tests used to diagnose SLE may include:
Antibody tests, including antinuclear antibody (ANA) panel
CBC
Chest x-ray
Kidney biopsy
Urinalysis
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23. There is no cure for SLE. The goal of treatment is to control symptoms
There is no cure for SLE. The goal of treatment is to control symptoms. Severe symptoms that involve the heart, lungs, kidneys, and other organs often need treatment from specialists.
Mild forms of the disease may be treated with:
NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen, for joint symptoms and pleurisy
Corticosteroid creams for skin rashes
An antimalaria drug (hydroxychloroquine) and low-dose corticosteroids for skin and arthritis symptoms
If you have lupus, it is also important to:
Wear protective clothing, sunglasses, and sunscreen when in the sun
Get preventive heart care
Stay up-to-date with immunizations
Have tests to screen for thinning of the bones (osteoporosis)

24. Occupations Health and Bloodborne Pathogens
Beware of needles!
Never recap used needles.
Dispose of all needles and sharp objects in sharps container.
Use mouthpieces, resuscitation bags, or other ventilation devices as alternative to mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.
A patient who contaminates the environment should be in a private room or relatively isolated area.
The AIDS Patient
Sometimes treated as outcasts
Healthcare worker should be supportive
Use of gloves for normal patient contact is not necessary

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