1. Warm-ups Earth Science
Quarter 1

2. Warm-up #1- Copy This in your Warm-up section in your notebook
What is Earth science?
geology or a similar earth-related science: a science that deals with the Earth's physical properties, structure, or development, e.g. geology

3. Warm-up #2 What is the scientific Method?
The scientific method is a way to ask and answer scientific questions by making observations and doing experiments.
The steps of the scientific method are to:
Ask a Question
Do Background Research
Construct a Hypothesis
Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment
Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion
Communicate Your Results

4. Warm-up #3 To be written in the form of a question
Problem- A scientific question that can be answered through experimenting.
To be written in the form of a question
Must end in a question mark
Must contain both variables
Hypothesis- An educated (not wild) guess or prediction to the answer of the problem question.
Must written as an “If …..then” statement
Must be based on research or prior knowledge (the IF part)
Must predict an outcome to the experiment (the THEN part)

5. Warm-up #4 Must be written as a vertical list (not a paragraph)
Procedure- The directions to completing the experiment
Must be specific enough for someone to complete the experiment as intended by the author.
Must be written as a vertical list (not a paragraph)

6. Warm-up #5
Observations- information gathered from using the senses
Should be recorded to communicate findings of the experiment
Should avoid inferring when recording observations
DATA- is an organized presentation of observations
Tables, charts, graphs organize numerical or quantitative data
Data that is measured
Common in physical and earth science

7. Warm-up #6 Must be written in COMPLETE sentences
Conclusions- A statement that uses the data to solve or answer the problem question.
Must be written in COMPLETE sentences
Must restate the hypothesis
Must refer to the data and use items from the data as examples in order to support the solution statement
Must accept or reject the hypothesis

8. Warm-up #7
Explain how longitude and latitude are used to locate a point on Earth. Latitude is a measurement of the distance of a point north or south of the equator. Longitude is a measurement of the distance of a point east or west of the prime meridian. Together, these two measurements give the exact location of a point on earth

9. Warm-up #8 Identify the four main Earth systems?
The hydrosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere, biosphere

10. Warm-up #9
Compare and contrast the atmosphere to the hydrosphere. How are they similar? How are they different?
Both the atmosphere and the hydrosphere contain water. The water in the hydrosphere is a liquid, while the water in the atmosphere is a gas. Much of the water from the hydrosphere flows over the Earth’s solid surface. Similarly, the atmosphere floats/flows over the surface. Both the hydrosphere and the atmosphere are necessary for life on earth.

11. What is a mineral? Warm-up #10 naturally occurring inorganic It is a
definite chemical composition
substance which has a
What would be the opposite of this?
man-made
organic
random composition

12. graphite & diamond Warm-up #11
Give an example of two minerals which have
the same chemical composition but different
physical properties
graphite & diamond

13. The Main Physical Properties Used to Identify Minerals
Warm-up #12
The Main Physical Properties
Used to Identify Minerals
Color
a poor indicator
minerals can be multiple colors
many minerals are the same color

14. The Main Physical Properties Used to Identify Minerals
Warm-up #13
The Main Physical Properties
Used to Identify Minerals
Luster
how light reflects off a mineral
metallic
non-metallic
looks like a
metal
looks earthy, waxy,
greasy or brilliant

15. Warm- up #14 What are Rocks?
A rock is a naturally occurring solid mixture of one or more minerals, or organic matter
Rocks are classified by how they are formed, their composition, and texture
Rocks change over time through the rock cycle

16. Warm-up #15 Igneous Rocks
Igneous rock begins as magma.
Magma can form:
When rock is heated
When pressure is released
When rock changes composition
Magma freezes between
700 °C and 1,250 °C
Magma is a mixture of
many minerals

17. Warm-up #16 Igneous Rocks
Intrusive Igneous Rocks: magma pushes into surrounding rock below the Earth’s surface
Extrusive Rocks: forms when magma erupts onto the Earth’s surface (lava), cools quickly with very small or no crystals formed

18. Warm-up #17 Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary rock is formed by erosion
Sediments are moved from one place to another
Sediments are deposited in layers, with the older ones
on the bottom
The layers become compacted and cemented together

19. Warm-up #18 Metamorphic Rock
Meaning to change shape
Changes with temperature
and pressure, but remains
solid
Usually takes place deep in
the Earth

20. Warm-up #19 What is an earthquake?
Used to describe both sudden slip on a fault, and the resulting ground shaking and radiated seismic energy caused by the slip
Caused by volcanic or magmatic activity,
Caused by other sudden stress changes in the earth.

21. Warm-up #20
Earthquakes are short-lived episodes of ground shaking produced when blocks of Earth suddenly shift.
They typically last for a few seconds (small earthquakes) to several minutes (largest earthquakes) and
produce several types of seismic waves that propagate through the Earth.
Most earthquakes are caused indirectly by plate tectonics

22. Three Types of Faults Strike-Slip Thrust Normal Three types of faults
Form depending on type of plate motion and complex reaction of earth’s lithospheric blocks
Strike-slip
Normal
Thrust
Normal

23. Warm-up #21 What causes earthquakes?
Tectonic plates move past each other causing stress. Stress causes the rock to deform
Plastic deformation – does not cause earthquakes
Elastic deformation – rock stretches then reaches a breaking point, releasing energy.

24. Warm-up #22 Comparing Seismic Waves

25. Warm-up #23 Surface Waves
Move along the Earth’s surface
Produces motion in the upper crust
Motion can be up and down
Motion can be around
Motion can be back and forth
Travel more slowly than S and P waves
More destructive

26. Warm-up #24
Definition of a volcano: an opening in the surface of the Earth through which magma erupts (as lava or
pyroclastic fragments). A volcano is underlain by a magma chamber, a reservoir that stores magma
before it rises as an eruption.
Not all volcanoes erupt lava; some erupt rock and magma fragments (pyroclasts); some erupt gases.

27. Earthquake Waves & Earth’s Interior Warm-up #25

28. WARM-UP #26 What is a volcano?
vent
A volcano is a vent or 'chimney' that connects molten rock (magma) from within the Earth’s crust to the Earth's surface.
The volcano includes the surrounding cone of erupted material.
cone
conduit
A volcano is a place on the Earth’s surface where hot, molten rock (called magma) breaks through. As we will see there are many different types of volcanoes and material that is erupted.
However, in general a volcano is classed as “active” if it erupts lava, rock, gas or ash, or if it shows seismic (earthquake) activity.
A volcano is dormant if it hasn't erupted for a long time (less than 1 million years) but could again one day.
An extinct volcano will never erupt again.
Presenters; go through the different parts of a volcano:
Magma: Molten rock beneath the surface of the earth.
Magma chamber: The subterranean cavity containing the gas-rich liquid magma which feeds a volcano.
Conduit: A passage followed by magma in a volcano.
Vent: The opening at the earth's surface through which volcanic materials issue forth.
Cone: A volcanic cone built entirely of loose fragmented material (pyroclastics) and (or) lava flows erupted from the vent. Erupted material builds up with each eruption forming the cone.
magma chamber

29. Warm-up #27 How and why do volcanoes erupt?
Hot, molten rock (magma) is buoyant (has a lower density than the surrounding rocks) and will rise up through the crust to erupt on the surface.
Same principle as hot air rising, e.g. how a hot air balloon works
When magma reaches the surface it depends on how easily it flows (viscosity) and the amount of gas (H2O, CO2, S) it has in it as to how it erupts.
Large amounts of gas and a high viscosity (sticky) magma will form an explosive eruption!
Think about shaking a carbonated drink and then releasing the cap.
Small amounts of gas and (or) low viscosity (runny) magma will form an effusive eruption
Where the magma just trickles out of the volcano (lava flow).
Why Do Volcanic Eruptions Occur?
High temperature of the Earth’s interior
Melting of lower crust and mantle = molten rock = magma
At depths > 20 km the temperature = 800-1,600 degrees Celsius
The density of the magma is less than the crustal rock, therefore it rises to the surface
Source of this heat?
Residual from the cooling of the Earth (& solar system)
Radioactive decay
Convection in the mantle
- Brings hot rock up from near the interior of the Earth and returns cooler material towards the centre of the Earth for reheating.
Shock/impact melting
E.g. meteorite impacts produce instantaneous heat and melting from high energy collisions
Two styles of volcanic eruption: Explosive and Effusive (see next slides for further descriptions of each)
Explosive: where rapidly escaping gas bubbles (= vesicles) rip apart the magma, fragmenting it.
Effusive: where the magma leaks out onto the surface passively as lava flows.
- NOTE: Some effusive eruptions involving highly viscous lava may turn into explosive eruptions. If the magma is too viscous (sticky) it can block up the volcanic vent, trapping gas inside the volcano. If this gas builds up enough to break through the blockage an extremely dangerous explosive eruption may form.
- Some of the most explosive eruptions have formed this way, e.g. Pinatubo 1991

30. Warm-up #28 Explosive Eruptions
Explosive volcanic eruptions can be catastrophic
Erupt 10’s-1000’s km3 of magma
Send ash clouds >25 km into the stratosphere
Have severe environmental and climatic effects
Hazardous!!!
If you release the pressure of a magma chamber (by cracking the surrounding rock or breaking through to the surface) the gas dissolved in the magma will start to exsolve (separate from the melt forming bubbles). These bubbles, called vesicles, rapidly expand and rise through the magma. (Think about shaking up a bottle of carbonated drink to build up the pressure and then taking the top off the bottle to quickly release the pressure - what happens?)
The rapid escape of gas (volatiles) causes magma to fragment and erupt explosively.
Presenter: read through the facts about explosive eruptions. Give examples of the volumes and distances. For example, the local swimming pool might be approximately 25km from the school. So get the children to think about how far that is to drive from the school to the pool and then imagine that distance going straight up into the air!
Mt. Redoubt
Above: Large eruption column and ash cloud from an explosive eruption at Mt Redoubt, Alaska