1. Chapter 6 Dominant-Minority Relations
Understanding Race and Ethnic Relations 5th Edition
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2. Minority-Group Relations
Ethnic-Group Identity
Exists when individuals choose to emphasize cultural or national ties as the basis for their primary social interactions and sense of self
Part of the growing-up process for minorities often involves the existence of a dual identity: one in the larger society and another within the person’s own group.

3. Minority Group Responses
Avoidance
Deviance
Defiance
Acceptance

4. Minority Group Responses
Avoidance: Seek to leave problems behind by migrating or turning inward to group for social and economic activities.
Deviance: Occurs in societies where laws impose moral standards on behavior of other groups.
Defiance: Openly challenging dominant group’s discriminatory behavior as subordinate gains in cohesion, as well as in economic and political power.
Acceptance: Accede to situation through subtle rationalizations, personal or economic security, and/or false consciousness.

5. Consequences of Minority-Group Status
Negative Self-Image
The result of social conditioning, differential treatment, or both, causing people or groups to believe themselves inferior
Can cause people to accept their fate passively
Can encourage personal shame for possessing undesired qualities or antipathy toward other members of the group for possessing them

6. The Vicious Circle
Sometimes the relationship between prejudice and discrimination is circular.
Gunnar Myrdal referred to this pattern as cumulative causation
Which is a vicious circle in which prejudice and discrimination perpetuate each other.
The pattern of expectation and reaction may produce desirable or undesirable results

7. Source: http://www94.homepage.villanova.edu/peter.knapp/Icout.htm

8. Marginality
Minority group members sometimes find themselves caught in a conflict between their own identity and values and the necessity to behave in a certain way to gain acceptance by the dominant group.
Marginality usually arises when a member of a minority group is passing through a transitional period.

9. Marginality
Marginality is an example of culture conflict cased primarily be the class of values within the individual.
Marginality is a one- or two- generation phenomenon.
After that, members of the minority group either have assimilated or have formed a distinctive subculture and are no longer caught between two worlds.

10. Middleman Minorities The Model of Middleman Minorities
Suggested by Hubert Blalock
Based on a dominant-subordinate stratification system, places middleman minorities in an intermediate rather than low-status position.
Middleman minorities often serve as buffers and experience hostility and conflict from above and below.

11. Dominant-Group Responses
Legislative Controls
If the influx of racial and ethnic groups appears to the dominant group to be too great for a country to absorb, or if prejudicial fears prevail, the nation may enact measures to regulate or restrict their entry.
To maintain a paternalistic social system, the dominant group frequently restricts the subordinate group’s education and voting opportunities

12. Dominant-Group Responses
Segregation
Spatial segregation
The physical separation of a minority people from the rest of society
Social segregation
Involves confining participation in social, service, political and other types of activities to members of the in-group

13. Dominant-Group Responses
Mass expulsion is an effort to drive out a group that is seen as a social problem rather than attempting to resolve the problem cooperatively.
It depends in part on how sensitive the country is to world opinion, which in turn is related to the country’s economic dependence on other nations.

14. Dominant-Group Responses
Xenophobia
The undue fear of or contempt for strangers or foreigners
This almost hysterical response begins with ethnocentric views.
Ethnocentrism encourages the creation of negative stereotypes that can escalate through some catalyst into a highly emotional reaction.

15. Dominant-Group Responses
Annihilation
Killing all the men, women, and children of a particular group
Annihilation goes back to ancient times.
In modern times, various countries have used extermination as a means of solving the so-called race problem.
Annihilation sometimes occurs unintentionally.

16. Figure 6.1 Lynchings in the United States Since 1882

17. Dominant-Group Responses
Hate Crimes
Commonly defined as any criminal offense against a person or property that is motivated in whole or in part by the offender’s bias against a race, religion, ethnic/national origin, group, or sexual orientation
Many states have passed laws mandating severe punishments for persons convicted of these crimes
Federal law permits federal prosecution of a hate crime as a civil rights violation is the assailant intended to prevent the victim from exercising a “federally protected right”.

18. Figure 6.2 Hate Groups in the United States in 2003

19. Table 6.1 Bias Motivation of Hate-Crime Incidents in 2003, by Percentage

20. Exploitation
Based on her split labor market theory, Bonacich argues that ethnic antagonism results from the combination of economic exploitation by employers and economic competition between two or more groups of laborers that produces wage differential for labor.