1. MAGNETIC LEVITATION TRAINS (MAGLEV)
BY: JONEY THAKUR

2. INDEX INTRODUCTION MAGNETIC LEVITATION LEVITATION TYPES
ELECTROMAGNETIC SUSPENSION
ELECTRODYNAMIC SUSPENSION
PROS AND CONS OF DIFFERENT TECHNOLOGIES
ADVANTAGES & LIMITATIONS
OTHER APPLICATIONS
CONCLUSION

3. Driving without wheels flying without wings

4. NEED & NECESSITY
Trends in increased mobility of large masses with changing lifestyle for more comfort are leading to congestion on roads with automobiles
increasing pollution levels from automobiles, depleting fuel resources ,critical dependence on the fuel import
problems of wastage of time in air traffic delays and growing safety concerns
embankments, and cuttings necessary for roads and railroads are avoided

5. MAGNETIC LEVITATION
In this process an object is suspended above another with no other support but magnetic fields
Manipulating magnetic fields and controlling their forces can levitate an object
The electromagnetic force is used to
counteract the forces of gravitation
If the levitated magnet is rotated, the
gyroscopic forces can prevent it from
Is the use of magnetic fields to levitate a
(usually) metallic object
overturning.

6. SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNET

7. PROPULSION SYSTEM
Electrodynamic Propulsion is the basis of the movement in a Maglev system
The principle that electromagnetic propulsion follows is that “opposite poles attract each other and like poles repel each other”.
The three major components of a propulsion system:
A large electric power source
Metal coils that line the entire guideway
Guidance magnets used for alignment

9. LEVITATION TYPES:
The principal two systems :
1. Electromagnetic Suspension- attractive
2. Electrodynamic Suspension- repulsive

10. ELECTROMAGNETIC SUSPENSION
Suspension uses conventional electromagnets located on structures attached to the underside of the train
Current runs through the guiderail and the electromagnets of the train are turned on.
EMS uses the attractive force of
a magnet beneath the rail to lift
the train up.
Guidance coils are placed on
side of the train to keep it
centered,during turns as well.

12. ELECTRODYNAMIC SUSPENSION
EDS uses a repulsive force between two magnetic fields to push the train
Superconducting magnets (SCM) located on the bottom of the train to levitate it off of the track
By using super cooled
superconducting magnets,
the electrical resistance in
superconductors allows
current to flow better and
creates a greater magnetic field

13. PRINCIPLE OF EDS:

14. PROS & CONS OF VARIOUS TECHNOLOGIES:
TECHNOLOGY
PROS
CONS
EMS(Electromagnetic suspension)
Magnetic fields inside and outside the vehicle are less than EDS; proven, commercially available technology that can attain very high speeds (500 km/h);
no wheels or secondary propulsion system needed
The separation between the vehicle and the guideway must be constantly monitored and corrected by computer systems to avoid collision due to the unstable nature of electromagnetic attraction; due to the system's inherent instability and the required constant corrections by outside systems, vibration issues may occur
EDS
(Electrodynamic suspension)
Onboard magnets and large margin between rail and train enable highest recorded train speeds (581 km/h) and heavy load capacity; has recently demonstrated (December 2005) successful operations using high temperature superconductors in its onboard magnets, cooled with inexpensive liquid nitrogen
Strong magnetic fields onboard the train would make the train inaccessible to passengers with pacemakers or magnetic data storage media such as hard drives and credit cards, necessitating the use of magnetic shielding; limitations on guideway inductivity limit the maximum speed of the vehicle; vehicle must be wheeled for travel at low speeds.

15. A NEW TRACK IN THE RUNNING: INDUCTRACK
Similar to the EDS system.
Difference is use of permanent magnets rather than superconducting magnets.
This system uses an “arrangement of powerful permanent magnets, known as a Halbach array, to create the levitating force”.
The Inductrack is similar to that of the EDS system in that it uses repulsive forces.
Guideway is made from “two rows of tightly packed levitation coils”.

16. The train itself has two Halbach arrays; one above the coils for levitation and the other for guidance
A major benefit of this track is that even if a power failure occurs, the train can continue to levitate because of the use of permanent magnets.

17. ADVANTAGES: Magnetic Fields: low intensity
Energy consumption: 30% less energy than a high speed train
Noise Levels :
No noise caused by wheel rolling or engine
Maglev noise is lost among general ambient noise
At 100m - Typical city center road traffic is 80 dB
Vibrations:
Just below human threshold of perception
Safety:
20 times safer than an airplane
Collision is impossible because only sections of the track are activated as needed.

18. Power Supply:
110kV lines fed separately via two substations
Power Failure:
Batteries on board automatically are activated to bring car to next station
Batteries charged continuously
Fire Resistance of vehicles:
Latest non-PVC material used that is non-combustible and poor transmitter of heat
Maglev vehicle carries no fuel to increase fire hazard
Operation Costs:
Virtually no wear. Main cause of mechanical wear is friction. Magnetic Levitation requires no contact, and hence no friction.
Specific energy consumption is less than all other comparable means of transportation.

19. LIMITATIONS
Maglev guide paths are bound to be more costly than conventional steel railways
Lack with existing infrastructure
They are limited to where maglev lines run
Very difficult to make construction of maglev lines commercially viable
The fact that Maglev train will not be able to continue beyond its track may seriously hinder its usefulness

20. OTHER APPLICATIONS:
NASA plans to use magnetic levitation for launching of space vehicles into low earth orbit.
Boeing is pursuing research in MagLev to provide a Hypersonic Ground Test Facility for the Air Force
The mining industry will also benefit from MagLev

21. CONCLUSION Railways using MagLev technology are on the horizon.
Low maintenance of the MagLev is an advantage
Energy efficient and Environmental friendly
Energy created by magnetic fields can be easily replenished
No large effect on the topography of a region
Sustainability of Maglev is very Positive
Considering everything Maglev has to offer, the transportation of our future and our children’s future is on very capable tracks.