1. Chapter 21: Life in the Industrial Age
Focus Question:
What were the technological , social, and economic effects of the Industrial Revolution?

2. Section 1: The Industrial Revolution Spreads
Focus Question: How did science, technology, and big business promote industrial growth?

3. New Industrial Powers Emerge
Belgium is first outside of Britain  France, Germany, and US follow
Germany became largest European manufacturer
By 1900, the US produced 30% of the world’s output
Development was uneven
Japan industrialized rapidly due to political revolution
Eastern/Southern Europe industrialized slowly due to social and political conditions

4. Effects of Industrialization
Conditions improve – social changes
Large quantities of goods at lower costs – gradually changed standards of living
Western powers began to dominate the world
Look for new markets

5. Technology = Industrial Growth
Henry Bessemer – Bessemer process
New process for making steel from iron
Lighter, harder, and more durable
Alfred Nobel – invents dynamite
Funds Nobel prizes

6. Electric Power Replaces Steam
Michael Faraday – invents dynamo
Machine that generates electricity
Thomas Edison – incandescent light bulb
Interchangeable Parts – simplified assembly and repair of products
Henry Ford – assembly line

7. Transportation Automobile Airplane Nikolaus Otto – gas powered engine
Karl Benz – 1886 – first 3-wheel automobile
Gotlieb Daimler – 1887 – first 4-wheel auto “horseless carriage”
Henry Ford – mass production, Model T
Airplane
Orville and Wilbur Wright 1903 – first airplane (Kitty Hawk, NC)
Commercial flights begin in 1920s

8. Communication 1844 - Samuel Morse – Telegraph
Washington, D.C. and Baltimore
Morse Code
1860s – trans-Atlantic telegraph cable installed
1876 – Bell telephone
1901 – Marconi radio

9. Checkpoint: How did technological advances in transportation and
communications
affect the Industrial
Revolution?
Transportation
Communication

10. Rise of Big Business
Big business: an establishment that is run by entrepreneurs who finance, manufacture, and distribute goods
Businesses sold stock to get capital (investment in company)
Corporations: businesses owned by many investors

11. Monopolies Some businesses became monopolies (not the board game)
Monopoly: all businesses in an industry are owned by one person
Governments regulated monopolies and unfair practices
Examples: Alfred Krupp – German steelmaking; John D. Rockefeller – Standard Oil Company

12. Checkpoint
Quick Write: Why do you think big business leaders, such as Rockefeller and Krupp, were considered “captains of industry” by some, but “robber barons” by others?

13. Section 2: The Rise of Cities
Focus Question: How did the Industrial Revolution change life in the cities?

14. Rise in Population
Rise in population due to the fact that the death rate fell
Better medicine
More food
Improvements in sanitation

15. Fight Against Disease
Louis Pasteur showed the link between microbes and disease
Pasteurization – killed disease carrying microbes
Vaccines for anthrax and rabies
Robert Hoch – identified bacteria that caused TB
People realized germs cause sickness = bathed and changed clothes more often

16. Hospital Care Improves
Florence Nightingale founded first school of nursing; improved hospitals
Joseph Lister – discovered how antiseptics prevented infection
Hospitals became more sterile

17. City Life Changes
Landscapes change through “urban renewal”- planning and patterns
Sidewalks, sewers, and skyscrapers
Life remains poor in slums
Unemployment
Parts of cities are run-down
Overcrowding
High crime rates
Cities offer more culture

18. Working Class Struggles
Working conditions improved
Unions
Mutual-aid societies – self-help for injured or sick workers
Standard of living rose
Quality and availability of necessities and comforts in a society

19. Quick Write: Page 671 – Writing About History
Choose a topic from this section (a hardship of city life, working class struggles, disease, etc.)
Write a problem related to your topic and three possible solutions to that problem
Which do you think is the most effective solution and why?
You should have 4-5 sentences.

20. Sections 1 & 2 Review
Page 666 #2-6
Page 671 #2-6

21. Planning Sections 3 & 4 – Use note-taking study guides
Students responsible for individual topics – share & review
Sections 3 & 4 – Use note-taking study guides
Students responsible for individual topics – share & review

22. Section 3: Changing Attitudes and Values
Focus Question: How did the Industrial Revolution change the old social order and long-held traditions in the Western world?
MODEL WITH RELIGION TOPIC - Sections 3 & 4 – Use note-taking study guides
Students responsible for individual topics – share & review

23. ISSUE: New Social Order
Upper Class – Old nobility, new industrialists, business families
Growing middle class develops its own way of life
Lower middle class struggles to keep up with “betters”

24. ISSUE: Rights For Women
Women seek fairness in marriage, divorce and property laws
Women’s groups struggle for the right to vote

25. ISSUE: Growth of Public Education
Many governments set up public schools and require basic education for all children
Middle and upper-class students, including some women, attend colleges and universities

26. ISSUE: New Directions in Science
Atomic theory leads to periodic table of elements
Darwin’s theory of natural selection explains evolution

27. ISSUE: Religion in Urban Age
Religious life remains at the center of communities
Religious groups push for reforms to help the working poor

28. Section 4: Arts in the Industrial Age
Focus Question: What artistic movements emerged in reaction to the Industrial Revolution?

29. MOVEMENT: Romanticism
Rebellion against reason
Emphasis on imagination, freedom, emotion
Use of direct language, intense feelings, nature
Romantic heroes
Architecture modeled on past
Music stirs deep emotions and glorifies past
William Wordsworth
William Blake
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
Lord Byron
Victor Hugo
Ludwig van Beethoven
Charlotte Bronte
Eugene Delacroix

30. MOVEMENT: Realism
Represent the world as it was, without romantic sentiment
Focused on harsh side of life
Novels depict grim reality
Plays bring realism to stage
Painters focused on ordinary sujects
Charles Dickens
Victor Hugo
Henrik Ibsen
Gustave Courbet
Thomas Eakins

31. MOVEMENT: Impressionism
Capture the first fleeting impression made by a scene or object in the viewer’s eye
Movement away from realism in reaction to photography
Claude Monet
Edgar Degas

32. MOVEMENT: Postimpressionism
A variety of styles
Georges Seurat
Vincent van Gogh
Paul Gauguin