1. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)
PREPARED BY:
ALI KADHUM M. AL-QURABAT

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS MOTIVATION FOR WSN SENSING & SENSOR
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
SENSOR NODE STRUCTURE
WSN ARCHITECTURE
HARDWARE PLATFORM
SOFTWARE PLATFORM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

3. TABLE OF CONTENTS WSN STANDARDS WSN PROTOCOL STACK
WSN DESIGN OBJECTIVE
WSN DESIGN CHALLENGES
CLASSIFICATION OF WSN
APPLICATION OF WSN
REFERENCES 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

4. Motivation for WSN
Sensors link the physical with the digital world by capturing and revealing real-world phenomena and converting these into a form that can be processed, stored, and acted upon.
Integrated into numerous devices, machines, and environments, sensors provide a tremendous societal benefit.
They can help to avoid
Catastrophic infrastructure failures,
Conserve precious natural resources,
Increase productivity,
Enhance security, and
Enable new applications such as:
Context-aware systems and
Smart home technologies.

5. Sensing and Sensors
Sensing: is a technique used to gather information about a physical object or process, including the occurrence of events (i.e., changes in state such as a drop in temperature or pressure).
Sensor: is a device that translates parameters or events in the physical world into signals that can be measured and analyzed.
Why Wireless?
There are situations when it is desirable to make measurements
in locations where the use of cabled sensors is problematic.
Protecting cables is time consuming, labor intensive, and sometimes not even possible.
In some applications, measurements need to be made at distances where long cables decrease the quality of the measurement.
A WSN provides a reliable, low maintenance, low power method for making measurements in applications where cabled sensors are impractical or otherwise undesirable.

6. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)
Is defined as a network of devices, denoted as nodes, which can sense the environment and communicate the information gathered from the monitored field (e.g., an area or volume) through wireless links. The data is forwarded, possibly via multiple hops, to a sink (sometimes denoted as controller or monitor) that can use it locally or is connected to other networks (e.g., the Internet) through a gateway.

7. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)
WSNs are composed of individual embedded systems that are capable of
Interacting with their environment through various sensors,
Processing information locally, and
Communicating this information wirelessly with their neighbors.

8. Sensor Node Structure
A sensor node typically consists of four basic components:
Sensing unit, usually consists of one or more sensors and analog - to – digital converters (ADCs)
Processing unit, usually consists of a microcontroller or microprocessor with memory which provides intelligent control to the sensor node.
Communication unit, consists of a short - range radio for performing data transmission and reception over a radio channel
Power unit. consists of a battery for supplying power to drive all other components in the system.

9. WSN Architectures
Single - Hop Network Architecture: each sensor node can use single - hop long – distance Transmission to send data to the sink, However, long - distance transmission is costly in terms of energy consumption.
Multihop Short - Distance Communication: In multihop communication, a sensor node transmits its sensed data toward the sink via one or more intermediate nodes, which can reduce the energy consumption for communication. Can divided into:
Flat Architecture
Each node plays the same role in performing a sensing task and all sensor nodes are peers.
data gathering is usually accomplished by using data -centric routing
Each sensor node communicates with the sink via a multihop path and uses its peer nodes as relays

10. WSN Architectures Hierarchical Architecture
Sensor nodes are organized into clusters, where the cluster members send their data to the cluster heads while the cluster heads serve as relays for transmitting the data to the sink.
According to the distance between the cluster members and their cluster heads, a sensor network can be organized into:
Single - Hop Clustering Architecture
Multihop Clustering Architecture
According to the number of tiers in the clustering hierarchy, a sensor network can be organized into:
Single - Tier Clustering Architecture
Multitier Clustering Architecture.

11. WSN Architectures

12. HARDWARE PLATFORMS
Sensor node hardware platforms can be classified into three categories:
Augmented General - Purpose PC s . This class of platforms include
Low - power embedded PCs (e.g., PC104) and personal digital assistants (PDAs),
Use standard wireless communication protocols, (e.g., IEEE or Bluetooth).
Have higher processing capability
However, they require more power supply.
Dedicated Sensor Nodes. This class of platforms include
the Berkeley mote family, the UCLA Medusa family.
use commercial off - the - shelf chips
characterized by small, low-power processing
and communication, and simple sensor interfaces.
3) System - on - chip Sensor Nodes. This class of
platforms aims to have extremely low power and
certain sensing, computation, and communication
capabilities (e.g. Smart Dust).

13. SOFTWARE PLATFORMS
A software platform can be an operating system that provides a set of services for applications, including:
File management,
Memory allocation,
Task scheduling,
Peripheral device drivers, and
Networking,
or it can be a language platform that provides:
Library of components to programmers
Typical software platforms for sensor networks include
TinyOS, nesC, TinyGALS, and Moté.
TinyOS is one of the earliest operating systems supporting sensor network applications on resource -constrained hardware platforms, for example, the Berkeley motes.

14. WSN STANDARDS
The IEEE Standard. Was frequently used in early wireless sensor networks. But the high-energy overheads of IEEE based networks makes this standard unsuitable for low-power sensor networks.
The IEEE Standard. Is a standard which specifies the physical and MAC layers for low -rate WPANs. The goal of IEEE is to “ provide a standard for ultralow complexity, ultralow cost, ultralow power consumption, and low - data rate wireless connectivity among inexpensive devices ” .
The ZigBee Standard. The ZigBee standard is developed on top of the IEEE standard and defines the network and application layers. The two protocol stacks can be combined together to support short - range low data rate wireless communication with battery - powered wireless devices.
The IEEE 1451 Standard. The IEEE 1451 standards are a family of Smart Transducer Interface Standards that defines a set of open, common, network - independent communication interfaces for connecting transducers to microprocessors, instrumentation systems, and control/ field networks. Applications for example, manufacturing, industrial control, automotive, aerospace, building, and biomedicine.

15. WSN STANDARDS

16. WSN PROTOCOL STACK
The protocol stack for WSNs consists of five protocol layers:
The physical layer,
Data Link Layer,
Network Layer,
Transport Layer, and
Application Layer
On the other hand, the protocol stack can be divided into a group of management planes across each layer, including
Power Management Planes,
Connection Management Planes,
Task Management Planes.

17. WSN PROTOCOL STACK WSN PROTOCOL Application Transport Layer
Sensor Management Protocol (SMP)
Sensor Query and Data Dissemination Protocol (SQDDP)
Sensor Query and Tasking Language (SQTL)
Transport Layer
Sensor Transmission Control Protocol (STCP)
Price-Oriented Reliable Transport Protocol (PORT)
GARUDA
Congestion Detection and Avoidance (CODA)
Delay Sensitive Transport (DST)
Pump Slowly, Fetch Quickly (PSFQ)
Event-to-Sink Reliable Transport (ESRT)
Network Layer
GEOGRAPHICAL ROUTING
ANCHOR LOCATION SERVICE (ALS)
SECURE ROUTING (SecRout)
SECURE CELL REPLAY (SCR)
Data Link Layer
Z-MAC (Medium Access Control)
LOW POWER RESERVATION-BASED MAC
LOW POWER DISTRIBUTED MAC
CC-MAC (Spatial Correlation-based Collaborative MAC)

18. WSN Design Objectives
The main design objectives for WSN include the following aspects:
DESIGN OBJECIVE
Small Node Size
Low Node Cost
Low Power Consumption
Self – Configurability
Scalability
Adaptability
Reliability
Fault Tolerance
Security
Channel Utilization
QoS Support

19. Network Design Challenges
The unique network characteristics present many challenges in the design of sensor networks, which involve the following main aspects:
Limited Energy Capacity: Sensor nodes are battery powered and thus have very limited energy capacity
Limited Hardware Resources: Sensor nodes have limited processing and storage capacities.
Massive and Random Deployment: Most sensor networks consist of a large number of sensor nodes, and node deployment is usually application dependent.
Dynamic and Unreliable Environment: A sensor network usually operates in a dynamic and unreliable environment.
Diverse Applications: Sensor networks have a wide range of diverse applications.

20. CLASSIFICATIONS OF WSN
A WSN is usually deployed for a specific application and thus has some different characteristics. According to different criteria, WSNs can be classified into different categories:
Static and Mobile Network
Deterministic and Nondeterministic Network
Static - Sink and Mobile - Sink Network
Single - Sink and Multisink Network
Single - Hop and Multihop Network
Self - Reconfigurable and Non - Self - Configurable Network
Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Network

21. APPLICATIONS OF WSN
WSNs may consist of many different types of sensors including seismic, magnetic, thermal, visual, infrared, acoustic, and radar, which are able to monitor a wide variety of ambient conditions that include the following: temperature, humidity, pressure, speed, direction, movement, light, soil makeup, noise levels, the presence or absence of certain kinds of objects, and mechanical stress levels on attached objects. As a result, a wide range of applications are possible

22. APPLICATIONS OF WSN WSN Applications Military Environmental
Battlefield Monitoring
Intelligent Guiding
Remote Sensing
Sniper Detection
Environmental
Habitat Monitoring
Air or Water Quality Monitoring
Hazard Monitoring
Disaster Monitoring
Health Care
Behavior Monitoring
Medical Monitoring
Home Intelligence
Smart Home
Remote Metering
Industrial Process Control
Security and Surveillance

23. APPLICATIONS OF WSN

24. APPLICATIONS OF WSN
Server
Watershed
Sensor field
Gateway
Internet

25. WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
References
Zheng, J., & Jamalipour, A. (2009). Wireless sensor networks: a networking perspective. John Wiley & Sons.
Dargie, W., & Poellabauer, C. (2010). Fundamentals of wireless sensor networks: theory and practice. John Wiley & Sons.
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