1. The Industrial Revolution

2. What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution?
Rising population: There was a greater demand for food and clothes; more workers were available
Coal and Iron ore: Coal was used to power steam engines, iron was used to make machines
Profits from trade: Money was invested in factories
CAUSES
Transport Revolution: Better roads, canals and railways were created so that greater loads could be carried
Agricultural Revolution: More food was grown; fewer workers were needed for farming
Manufacturing inventions: Inventions in the cotton and woollen industry speeded up the production of both. Steam engines provided more power

3. Agricultural Revolution
The Agricultural Revolution involved changes made to the system and methods of farming which resulted in more food being produced
KEYWORDS:
Three-Field System
Fallow
Commons
Enclosure
Crop Rotation

4. What was enclosure?
Since the Middle Ages, the three-field system was used in Britain. This system has many faults. All this changed during the Agricultural Revolution. The fields were now enclosed so that the three open fields and the common land were divided into farms surrounded by fences and hedges

5. THREE-FIELD SYSTEM
ENCLOSURE ->

6. Weaknesses of 3 field system
Strengths of the Enclosure
One third of the land was not used each year
Weeds spread easily
No machinery was used
Cattle and sheep were sparse
All the land was used
Farmers could control their own land
Good farmers could introduce new methods and machinery
More food was produced for the cities

7. New methods of farming 1. Norfolk Crop Rotation:
Charles Townshend developed
this system
Turnips and clover were now
grown as well as wheat and
barley so that all the land
was used every year
Turnips were fed to the
cattle in winter

8. 2. Selective Breeding: Robert Bakewell introduced new breeding techniques so that cattle and sheep produced more meat
3. New Machinery: Jethro Tull invented the seed drill. This scattered seed evenly and resulting crops were easier to weed
4. Cyrus Mc Cormick invented the reaper, which enabled the faster harvesting of corn
Effects of the Agricultural Revolution
More food was produced to feed the growing population. More people were available to work in factories.
Fewer people were needed to work the land because of machinery improvements so many poor farmers and labourers went to the towns and cities for work

9. Seed Drill
Mechanical Reaper

10. Industrialisation in Britain Inventions in the Cotton and Woolen Industry
Spinning inventions (more thread could be made)
Weaving inventions (more cloth could be made
James Hargreaves- Spinning Jenny
Richard Arkwright- Water frame
Samuel Crompton- Spinning mule
John Kay-Flying shuttle
Edmund Cartwright- Power Loom

11. Spinning Jenny

12. Water Frame

13. Spinning Mule

14. Flying Shuttle

15. Power Loom

16. Transport Revolution
Thomas Telford and John McAdam introduced new road surfaces to improve roads
Roads: Turnpike trusts were companies which took over sections of the roads, introduced toll gates (turnpikes) and used the money to maintain the roads
Canals: James Brindley built the first canal to carry coal.
Railways: Richard Trevithick designed the first small steam engine on wheels.
The first goods train was designed by George Stephenson. He also invented the Rocket

17. Effects of the railways:
-fast and cheap form of transport
-heavy good could be transported over long distances
-helped to boost tourism
-created many jobs
-lead to the decline in the use of canals and roads
Effects of the Transport Revolution:
Materials and goods could be transported more quickly and cheaply
This lowered the cost of good
More people could now afford to buy goods

18. Life and work in Industrial Britain
Living conditions:
The houses of working class people were grouped together as slums
There was no piped water supply or indoor toilets
There were open sewers at the end of the streets
Diseases such as cholera and typhus spread quickly

19. Improvements made in working and living conditions
Some factory owners such as Robert Owen built houses and set up schools for his workers and their children
Edwin Chadwick wrote a report to show how and living conditions were . This led to the passing of the Public Health Act, which set up Boards of Health whose job was to clean streets, increase water supply and build sewers.
Lord Shaftesbury campaigned for improvements ad passed laws that dramatically improved working conditions.

20. Life in Ireland in 1840s
Rise in Population: It grew from 6.8 million in 1821 to 8.2 million in People got poorer
Subdivision of land: Farmers divided their land in order to give land to their sons and a dowry to their daughters. This made families poorer
CAUSES OF THE FAMINE
The Blight: was a disease that attacked potatoes. Those dependent on potatoes and no other food when the blight attacked and they starved
Dependence on the potato: Poorer families depended on the potato to live. The potato was almost the only food for about half the population

21. Results of the Great Famine
1. Fall in population: The population fell by 2 million-1 million emigrated and 1 million died from starvation and disease
2. Subdivision ended: farms were no longer sub- divided instead the eldest son received the land while the other sons emigrated
3. Decline of the Irish language
4. Politics: People blamed the British government for the famine

22. Blight