1. STRONG AND WEAK SYLLABLES

2. STRONG AND WEAK
One of the most noticeable features of English pronunciation is that some of its syllables are strong while many others are weak. In weak syllable, the vowel tends to be shorter, of lower intensity (loudness), and different in quality. For example, the word ‘data’ /deitə/ whose the second syllable is weak and shorter than the first one. It is less loud as well.

3. THREE WAYS OF CHARACTERISING STRONG AND WEAK SYLLABLES
We could describe them partly in terms of stress (that strong syllables are stressed and weak ones are unstressed).
The strong syllable usually has one of vowel diphthongs as its peak.
The weak syllables are in the following vowels such as ə, i, u with no coda (zero coda).

4. WEAK SYLLABLE #1
At the end of a word, we may have a weak syllable ending with a vowel (with no coda).
The vowels
Lexical items
ə (schwa)
Better /betə/
Centre /sentə/ i
Happy /hæpi/
Carry /kæri/ u
Thank you /θæŋk. ju/

5. WEAK SYLLABLE #2 We also find weak syllables in word-final position
with a coda if the the vowel is ə (schwa). For
example:
Open /ɔupən/
Sharpen /ʃɑ:pən/

6. WEAK SYLLABLE #3 Inside a word, we can find the above vowels
acting as peaks without codas in weak syllables.
Examples:
Photograph /fəƱtəgrɑ:f/
Radio /reɪdiəƱ/

7. WEAK SYLLABLE #4 Let us now look where the vowel i can be found:
In the word-final position in words spelt with final ‘y’ or ‘ey’ after one or more consonant letters (e.g. happy /hæpi/, valley /væli/.
In a prefix such as those spelt ‘re’, ‘pre’, ‘de’ if it precedes a vowel and is unstressed (e.g. react /riækt/, create /krieɪt/, deodorant /diɔƱdərənt/.

8. SYLLABIC CONSONANTS
We have discussed about vowels in weak syllables. We must also consider syllable in which no vowel is found. In this case, a consonant, either l, r, or a nasal, stands as the peak of the syllable instead of the vowel, and we count these as weak syllables like the vowel. To indicate a syllabic consonants, there is a small vertical mark (ˌ) beneath the symbol, for example cattle /kætl/

9. SYLLABIC l #1
Syllabic l can be preceded by alveolar and non alveolar consonants. The process occuring for syllabic l of alveolar consonants is called lateral release since the sides of the tongue, which are raised for the preceding consonant, are lowered to allow air to escape over them.

10. SYLLABIC l #2 The most obvious case is where we have a word
ending with one or more consonant letters
followed by ‘le’
Alveolar
Non-alveolar
Cattle /kætl/
Wrestle /resl/
Bottle /bɒtl/
Muddle /mʌdl/
Couple /kʌpl/
Struggle /strʌgl/
Trouble /trʌbl/
Knuckle /nʌkl/

11. SYLLABIC l #3
The words mentioned on the previous slide usually lose their final letter ‘e’ when a suffix beginning with a vowel is attached, but the l usually remains syllabic.

12. SYLLABIC l #4
We also find syllabic l in words spelt with one or more consonant letters followed by ‘al’ or ‘el’:
‘al’
‘el’
Petal /petl/
Pedal /pedl/
Papal /peɪpl/
Panel /pænl/
Camel /kæml/
Parcel /pɑ:sl/

13. SYLLABIC n, m, ŋ, and r
Other syllabic consonants can be n, m, ŋ and r. Here are the examples:
Syllabic
Lexical Items n
Often /ɒfn/
Seven /sevn/
Eaten /i:tn/ m
Uppermost /ʌpməƱst/ ŋ
Thicken /θɪkŋ/ r
Preference /prefrəns/

14. EXERCISE
Please find some words (five words for each) based on the following characteristics: 1. Weak syllable consisted of ‘ə’ with zero coda 2. Weak syllable consisted of ‘i’ with zero coda 3. Syllabic consonant with l 4. Syllabic consonant with n