1. Chapter 6 Jails: Way Stations Along the Justice Highway

2. Learning Objectives Understand and critique bail release options
Understand how jail populations are different from prison populations
List the purposes of jails
Trace briefly the development of jails in history

3. Learning Objectives (continued 1)
Explain how first-, second-, and third- generation jails differ in design and method of inmate management
Outline the characteristics of jail inmates and facilities
Outline the arguments for and against privatization

4. Learning Objectives (continued 2)
Describe how jail vocational and educational programs affect inmate reentry
Discuss why jail standards, inspection, and accreditation are important

5. Learning Objectives (continued 3)
Discuss what is known about using evidence-based practices to treat substance abuse in jail
Explain California’s realignment act

6. Bail and Pretrial Release
Release options that require money
Cash bond
Deposit bond
Property bond
Bail bond
Release options that do not involve money
Release on recognizance
Conditional release
Release to pretrial services
Unsecured bond

7. Concerns over Money for Bail
People held in jail pretrial get more restrictive sentencing outcomes
Funds of an offender’s family and friends may get depleted to pay for the bail

8. Effective Alternatives to Monetary Bail
Evidence-based risk assessment
Increased use of citations
Release on recognizance
Implementing a deposit bond with the court

9. Jails
Locally operated correctional facilities that confine people before or after conviction
Total admission: Total number of people admitted to jail each year
Average daily population (ADP): Sum of the number of inmates in a jail or prison each day for a year, divided by the total number of days in the year

10. Exhibit 6.2 - American Jail Association

11. Purpose of Jails
Receive persons awaiting court action on their current charge
Readmit probation and parole violators and bail-bond absconders
Detain juveniles until custody is transferred to juvenile authorities
Hold mentally ill people until they are moved to appropriate health facilities
Hold individuals for the military
Provide protective custody
Confine persons found in contempt

12. Purpose of Jails (continued)
Hold witnesses for the courts
Hold inmates about to be released after completing a prison sentence
Transfer inmates to federal, state, or other authorities
House inmates for federal, state, or other authorities because of overcrowding
Operate community-based programs as alternatives to incarceration
Hold inmates sentenced to short terms of incarceration
Hold persons for U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement

13. Jails in History Walnut Street Jail in Philadelphia
First jail in the U.S.
Housed offenders without regard to sex, age, or offense
By the end of 19th century, most cities in the U.S. had jails

14. First-Generation Jails
Jails with multiple-occupancy cells or dormitories that line corridors arranged like spokes
Inmate supervision is intermittent
Staff must patrol the corridors to observe inmates in their cells

15. Second-Generation Jails
Staff remain in a secure control booth surrounded by pods
Pods - Inmate housed areas
Surveillance is remote
Verbal interaction between staff and inmates is less frequent than in first- generation jails
Property destruction is minimized
Response time in case of problems is low

16. Third-Generation Jails
Also called direct-supervision jails
Inmates are housed in small groups
Staffed 24 hours a day by trained officers
Officers interact with inmates to help change behavior
Inmate management style is direct supervision
Bars and metal doors are absent

17. Exhibit 6.5 - Nine Principles of Direct Supervision

18. Jail Inmates Majority of the inmates are white or black
Population in jails has declined
Percentage of pretrial detainees is high
Number of women in jail has increased
Majority are:
Poor, high school dropouts, and have low-wage jobs
Young, unmarried with one to three children, and belong to a racial minority

19. Factors Influencing Women Offenders’ Behavior
Pathways perspective
Determines the reasons for why women enter the criminal justice system
Relational theory and female development
Describes different ways men and women develop
Women are drawn into criminal activity because of their relationships with others

20. Factors Influencing Women Offenders’ Behavior (continued)
Trauma theory
Violence and abuse encountered in the past affect current behavior
Addiction theory
Combines substance abuse treatment programs with additional pathway factors

21. Ethnicity and Jail Populations
Overrepresentation of minorities in jail is due to the:
Tendency to impose higher bail or deny bail if the defendant is a racial minority
Impact of the war on drugs and on law enforcement strategies of racial profiling

22. Mental Illness and Jail Populations
Incarceration has become the default mental health treatment provider
Majority of inmates have mental illness and are not often fit for retribution or punishment
Jails are ill-equipped to meet the special needs of persons with mental illness

23. Suicide, Homicide, and Jail Populations
Suicide is the leading cause of inmate deaths
Majority of homicide victims are males between ages 18 and 54
Drug offenders have the lowest homicide victimization rate

24. Sexual Victimization
All types of sexual activity and abusive sexual contact
Considered illegal regardless of whether it was committed willingly or unwillingly
Prison Rape Elimination Act states that sexual assaults can be reduced by:
Changing attitudes toward vulnerable populations
Providing staff training and improving policies

25. Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974
Status offenders may not be held in secure confinement
Juveniles may generally not be held in facilities in which adults are confined
If juveniles are temporarily detained in adult facilities, they must have no contact with the adult inmates
States must work to reduce the number of minors who come into contact with the juvenile justice system

26. Jail Facilities
Rated capacity: Maximum number of beds allocated to each jail facility by a state or local rating official
Public versus private - 37 jails are privately operating under contract to local governments
Size, location, and budget
Large facilities are located in major metropolitan and urban areas

27. Jail Facilities (continued)
Budgets are highest in New York and lowest in North Dakota
Average annual cost to incarcerate an inmate is $30,000
One third of housing jails charge inmates housing fees and medical co-pay fees

28. Pay-to-Stay Jail Alternative to serving time in a county jail
Offenders convicted of minor offenses are offered privileges for a fee from $85 to $225 per day
Also referred to as self-pay jails
Benefits - Generates cash for the community and so taxpayers pay less
Criticism - Creates inherent injustices

29. Privatization
Contract process that shifts public functions, responsibilities, and capital assets from the public sector to the private sector
Methods
Private management
Private sector development
Private services provision

30. Jail Reentry
Transition offenders make from prison or jail to the community
Approaches
Use of administrative records to target scarce resources to frequent service users
APIC model
Strengths-based approaches to jail reentry programming and family-based service models

31. Educational, Vocational, and Inmate Work Programs
Inmates who earn GEDs while in prison are less likely to return to crime
Boost self-esteem and encourage legitimate occupations upon release
Thus, it costs less to educate offenders and teach them job skills than to do nothing at all

32. Jail Standards, Inspection, and Accreditation
Jails are not very open to inspection
Process by which correctional facilities and agencies can:
Measure themselves against nationally adopted standards
Receive formal recognition and accredited status

33. Reasons to have ACA Accreditation
To protect health and safety of staff and inmates
To defend jails against lawsuits over conditions of incarceration
To self-evaluate
To gain professional recognition and status
To gain greater appreciation by the community
To gain a sense of pride in the achievement and hard work that went into it
To establish minimum practices that make certification easier

34. Evidence-Based Practices
Based on recommendations from the National Institute of Drug Abuse
Used in more than half of all jails, but have still not been rigorously evaluated
Include:
Comprehensive treatment methods
Engagement with community agencies
Use of positive incentives
Substance abuse assessment tools

35. Prisoners Confined in Jail and California’s Realignment
2011 Public Safety Realignment - Shifted responsibility for adult offenders from the state to the counties
Shift of lower-level offenders
Shift of parole violators