1. Domestic Servants
Before the 1800s

2. A Servants life…
“There was no status in being in service, you were a nobody…” Rosina Harrison, Rose: My Life in Service, (24)
“The employment of servants was a way of defining oneself socially as not being working class.” Eric Hobsbawn

3. Statistics… Most were from the country Most went to London
Most were young females
Most homes had a servant (or 50)

4. Getting the Job…
Referrals
Recommendations
Families
Register offices

5. Upper and Lower Rank In the 18th century servants moved
freely between roles
Upper servants had a specific
skill or were beautiful
Lower servants did mundane
jobs
Difference in: jobs, wages, clothes,
rooms, diet, and treatment

6. Upper Servants Stewards Butlers Housekeeper Lady’s maid Valet
Clerk-of-the-kitchen
Cook
Groom of the chamber
Groom of the horses
Coachman

7. Lower Servants Footmen Housemaids Kitchen maids Dairy maids Laundress
Nanny
Governess
Page
Scullery maid
Hall boy
Maid-of-all-work

8. Black Servants
To be sold, a Negro boy age about fourteen years old, warranted free from any distemper, and has had those fatal to that colour; has been used two years to all kinds of household work, and to wait on table; his price is £25, and would not be sold but the person he belongs to is leaving off business. Apply at the bar of George Coffee House in Chancery Lane, over the Gate. [1756]

9. Black Servants Extremely fashionable
Shows position of ex-colonials and the rich
Young boys

10. Wages
Money
Clothing
Housing
Food
Tea
Beer and ale
Vails
Candles

11. Clothing
"I remember I was put very much to the Blush being at a Friend's House and by him required to salute the Ladies, and I kiss'd the chamber jade into the bargain for she was as well dressed as the best. Things of this natured would be easily avoided if Servant Maids were to wear Liveries, as Footmen do; or obliged to go into a Dress suitable to their Station. Our Charity Children are distinguished by their Dresses, why then may not our Women Servants?" Daniel Dafoe

12. Clothing Clothing was considered payment.
Cast-offs were given to upper
servants.
Lower servants wore livery.

13. Rooms
Near the family
Detached wing
Cottages
Closets
Attic
basement

14. Houses designed for servants
Entrance
Servant hall
Second stairs
Hidden doors
Kitchen
Scullery

15. Food and Dinning They ate the left overs from the master’s table.
They sat in order of rank.
The lower servants served the upper servants.

16. Treatment of servants
“So profligate and abandoned is the world become,
 that you had better turn your daughter into the street at once, than place her out to service. For ten to one her master shall seduce her.”
John Moir, Female Tuition; or an Address to Mothers on the Education of Daughters ( 1786)

17. Treatment of servants
Most servants signed a contract saying the master would provide shelter, board and sometimes clothing.
Masters often complained about servants’ work ethic
Female servants were treated as sexual objects.

18. Rules Servants were expected to be silent and invisible
Servants were expected to be celibate
Servants were expected to use their own entrances, staircases, and rooms
“Speak when you are spoken to, do what you’re bidden, come when you’re called, and you’ll not be chidden.” -Proverb

19. Leisure Time Servants spent their free time in the servant hall.
Servants went to church.
Servants stool beer, ale and wine from their employer.
Servants spied on their employers.

20. Losing Their Job Masters dismissed servants for almost anything.
Turn over was high in most homes.
Unemployment lead to a life of poverty.

21. Pamela
“Richardson’s novel did not do away with the stereotypes of victim or whore; it created a third alternative, a new way of representing the woman servant as both an object of desire and a loving intimate, a sexual magnet and a family member in doing so, it also created a new erotic between master and a maid, a mix of desire and respect between individuals—if not as peers, at least as equal sharers—in a moral culture that crosses class and gender lines.”
Kristina Straub

22. Pamela A relationship between a master and servant.
A servant above her rank.

23. Servants are People

24. Questions How would have Pamela gotten her job as a Lady’s maid?
What kind of servant is:
-Mr. Longman?
-Mr. Jonathan?
-Mrs. Jewkes and Mrs. Jervis?
-Poor John?
What kinds of wages does Pamela receive before and after marriage?
What kind of clothing does Pamela wear? Hannah?
Where does Pamela sleep?
What can we conclude about Mr. B and his family when we learn his daughter’s stepfather sent her a Black servant boy?

25. Discussion
Knowing more about Lady’s maids and their job, does it change how you view Pamela?
What about other servants in Pamela?