1. Alexander the Great is thought to have died from ________.
typhoid
West Nile virus
wounds sustained in battle
cholera 1 2 3 4 5

2. Pathogens ________. include all bacteria and viruses
are limited to those organisms causing disease in humans
are defined as any infectious agent that can invade a host organism and multiply on or in it
by definition include only disease-causing bacteria 1 2 3 4 5

3. Prokaryotic cells ________.
have membrane bound nuclei containing DNA
reproduce mainly by prokaryotic fission
contain membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria
are always spherical 1 2 3 4 5

4. Helicobacter pylori ________.
can live in the lining of the human stomach
can be seen with the naked eye
is the virus responsible for potato blight, which costs American farmers millions annually
lives in geothermically heated marine sediments 1 2 3 4 5

5. Flagella in bacteria ________.
are identical to those found in eukaryotes
help the cells adhere to surfaces
allow cells to pull other cells nearer in order to transfer genetic material to them
are specialized for movement 1 2 3 4 5

6. Prokaryotic fission ________.
begins when the cell replicates its DNA molecule
begins when one bacterial cell splits into two
results in two daughter cells which are different from one another and different from the parent cell
refers to growth by mitotic cell division followed by division of the whole body 1 2 3 4 5

7. Conjugation ________.
transfers the main bacterial chromosome from a donor cell to a recipient cell
transfers a plasmid from one cell to another
allows cells to trade DNA in both directions simultaneously
can only happen between cells of the same species 1 2 3 4 5

8. Numerical taxonomy ________.
is the study of the number of life forms within each taxonomic category
is a science which attempts to classify life forms based on similarities of its DNA sequence to other known groups
is used by microbiologists to compare an unidentified prokaryote with a known group on the basis of shape, motility, staining, and other attributes
infers relatedness between groups of organisms based on ribosomal RNA base sequence 1 2 3 4 5

9. The main divergence between life forms, which began not long after the origination of life, was between ________.
plants and animals
viruses and bacteria
bacteria and eukaryotes
archaea and bacteria 1 2 3 4 5

10. Cyanobacteria ________.
are thought to be very similar to the first cells in existence
can withstand exposure to boiling water
were ancient species who released oxygen during photosynthesis
cannot perform nitrogen fixation 1 2 3 4 5

11. Identify the false statement regarding endospores.
endospores resist dehydration but are killed almost immediately by boiling
the Gram-positive bacteria Clostridium and Bacillus are endospore producers
endospores are the infective agents for diseases including anthrax and tetanus
toxins produced by the germinating endospores of Clostridium botulinum cause botulism, a potentially deadly food poisoning 1 2 3 4 5

12. Archaeans ________. have membrane bound nuclei
have cells walls which are identical to those of bacteria
have RNA polymerases and transcription factors that resemble those in eukaryotes
include some members that are extreme thermophiles 1 2 3 4 5

13. Extreme halophiles ________.
thrive in very hot environments
require high salt concentrations
produce methane
cause bad breath in people with poor oral hygiene 1 2 3 4 5

14. Methanogenic archaeans are found in ________.
marshes
the ocean
deep in the Earth
all of the choices 1 2 3 4 5

15. Select the false statement about viruses.
viruses come in a variety of sizes and shapes, but all have a protein coat wrapped around DNA or RNA
viruses can only infect certain specific host cells due to proteins on the viral coats that bind to receptors on the host cell
viruses often elude the immune system because they mutate frequently
viruses contain all the biochemical machinery needed to replicate themselves 1 2 3 4 5

16. Plant viruses ________.
are extremely rare because most plant cell walls are impervious to penetration by a virus particle
can be spread by insects
are all harmless to host plants, causing only minor effects such as streaking of color in tulip petals
such as the tobacco mosaic virus always have DNA as their genetic material 1 2 3 4 5

17. The correct order of the basic steps of virus multiplication is ________.
penetration, attachment, replication and then synthesis, assembly, and release
attachment, penetration, assembly, replication and then synthesis, and release
attachment, penetration, replication and then synthesis, release, and assembly
attachment, penetration, replication and then synthesis, assembly, and release 1 2 3 4 5

18. The difference between an epidemic and a pandemic is that ________.
an epidemic breaks out in several countries at the same time, while a pandemic is a local outbreak
epidemics occur sporadically, while pandemics are chronic diseases of a population
a pandemic breaks out in several countries at the same time, while an epidemic is restricted to a single country
an epidemic kills many infected people, while a pandemic sickens many but kills few 1 2 3 4 5

19. acute respiratory infection AIDS tuberculosis diarrhea
The disease which causes the highest number of deaths per year is ________.
acute respiratory infection
AIDS
tuberculosis
diarrhea 1 2 3 4 5

20. "Mad cow" disease, also called variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, is caused by a ________.
bacteria
virus
fungus
prion 1 2 3 4 5