1. Authors: Trent McDONALD, Ernesto URBAEZ and Scott MCINTYRE
Sustainable Pavement Design - Delivering Sustainable Options Considering Existing Materials and Pavement Lifecycle.
Authors: Trent McDONALD, Ernesto URBAEZ and Scott MCINTYRE
2016 IPWEA Collaborative Engineering Conference
Brisbane Convention & Exhibition Centre 8-10 Nov

2. Introduction Wide Arterial Road with Parking Lanes
Project Brief - Victoria Avenue, South East Queensland, Australia
Wide Arterial Road with Parking Lanes
7,100 Vehicles Per Day
Fatigue, Environmental Cracking
Remedial Works
2016 IPWEA Collaborative Engineering Conference Brisbane Convention & Exhibition Centre 8-10 Nov

3. Pavement Testing Measures Pavement Response to Loading.
Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD)
Measures Pavement Response to Loading.
Deflections Measured at 9 locations from the Load.
Used to Backanalysis of Pavement Layer Modulus.
Modulus is then Used for Remaining Life and Incorporated in New Designs.
Also used in a Cumulative Sum Analysis for Sub Sectioning.
2016 IPWEA Collaborative Engineering Conference Brisbane Convention & Exhibition Centre 8-10 Nov

4. Pavement Testing Lab Testing - MC, PSD, Atterberg Limits, CBR
Geotechnical and Lab Soil Testing
10 Boreholes Recording Depths, Classification & DCP
60- 70mm Asphalt Seal
210 – 330mm Base, mm Sub-base
Silty Sandy Clay Subgrade
Lab Testing - MC, PSD, Atterberg Limits, CBR
Low Grade Granular Material
Moisture Content Close to OMC
Low to Moderate Expansive Nature
CBR Between 6% and 12%
2016 IPWEA Collaborative Engineering Conference Brisbane Convention & Exhibition Centre 8-10 Nov

5. ? Empirical Mechanistic-Empirical Mechanistic Pavement Design δ , 𝜎,𝜀
Methodology
Empirical
Mechanistic-Empirical
δ , 𝜎,𝜀
Mechanistic ?
Traffic
Climate
Materials
Trial Design
2016 IPWEA Collaborative Engineering Conference Brisbane Convention & Exhibition Centre 8-10 Nov

6. Pavement Design Permanent Deformation of Subgrade.
Looking at Stresses and Strains at Critical Locations Within the Pavement.
Austroads Part 2.
Mechanistic-Empirical
Fatigue of Asphalt.
Where:
N = Number of Cycles Till Failure
RL = Reliability Factor
Smix = Modulus of Asphalt
Vb = % Volume of Bitumen
µε = Tensile Microstrains
Permanent Deformation of Subgrade.
Where:
N = Number of Cycles Till Failure
µε = Compressive Microstrains
Fatigue Of Cemented Materials.
Where:
N = Number of Cycles Till Failure
RL = Reliability Factor
E = Modulus of Cemented Material
µε = Compressive Microstrains
2016 IPWEA Collaborative Engineering Conference Brisbane Convention & Exhibition Centre 8-10 Nov

7. Pavement Design Mill and Re-Sheet – Replacing Existing Asphalt.
Victoria Avenue – Rehabilitation Options
Mill and Re-Sheet – Replacing Existing Asphalt.
Foamed Bitumen – In-situ Stabilisation.
Deep Lift Asphalt – Conventional Asphalt Design.
Perpetual Pavement With EME2 – Long Life Pavement Using High Performance Materials.
20 Year Design
50 Year + Design
2016 IPWEA Collaborative Engineering Conference Brisbane Convention & Exhibition Centre 8-10 Nov

8. Pavement Design Grading of Granular Material for Suitability.
Foamed Bitumen
WIRTGEN
Mills and Mixes Existing Pavement Materials With C170 Bitumen (3.5%) and Hydrated Lime (2%).
Bitumen is Injected Into the Mix With Water For Foaming And Coating the Unbound Materials.
J. Ramanujam et al. 2009
Grading of Granular Material for Suitability.
Designed as and Asphalt Layer.
Modulus Determined Using Shell Nomograph.
DG14
50mm Wearing Course.
Foamed Bitumen
195mm of Foamed Bitumen.
Subgrade
Existing Base
210mm Existing Base Material
2016 IPWEA Collaborative Engineering Conference Brisbane Convention & Exhibition Centre 8-10 Nov

9. Pavement Design
Deep Lift Asphalt
Milling Existing Asphalt and Base Material To a Desired Depth and Replacing With Virgin Material.
Conventional Design Using Dense Graded Asphalt (C320 Binder)
20 Year Design Life
20 Year Design Traffic <=
&
DG14
50mm Asphalt Wearing Course
DG20
150mm Asphalt Base Course
Subgrade
Existing Base
255mm Existing Granular Materials
2016 IPWEA Collaborative Engineering Conference Brisbane Convention & Exhibition Centre 8-10 Nov

10. Pavement Design
Perpetual Pavement - Concept
Milling Existing Asphalt and Base Material To a Desired Depth and Replacing With Virgin Material.
Limits Strain at the Critical Locations – Top Down Distress Cracking.
100 Microstrains for the Fatigue Endurance Limit.
200 Microstrains For the Subgrade.
50 Year + Design Life.
Nunn, Ferne 2006
20 Year Design Traffic <=
&
PMS Mechanistic-Empirical Design µε
2016 IPWEA Collaborative Engineering Conference Brisbane Convention & Exhibition Centre 8-10 Nov

11. FEL : 100µε Pavement Design Perpetual Pavement - Concept
Pearson D, 2012
FEL : 100µε
Pearson D, 2012
2016 IPWEA Collaborative Engineering Conference Brisbane Convention & Exhibition Centre 8-10 Nov

12. Pavement Design Designed to Cater For Different Stress Zones.
Perpetual Pavement - Structure
Aleih, Scarpas
Designed to Cater For Different Stress Zones.
Three Layered Asphalt Course on Top of a Granular Base.
Wearing Course.
Sacrificial - Skid Resistant – Noise.
High Modulus – Rut Resistant Asphalt Base.
High Compression Zone.
Flexible - Fatigue Resistant Asphalt.
Fatigue Zone – Tensile Strain.
Granular Base.
Pavement Foundation.
Newconb et al. 2006
2016 IPWEA Collaborative Engineering Conference Brisbane Convention & Exhibition Centre 8-10 Nov

13. Pavement Design French Mix Design Developed in the 1970’s.
Perpetual Pavement - EME2 (Enrobés à Module Elevé )
French Mix Design Developed in the 1970’s.
Knowledge Transfer (Pavement Authorities).
Australian Standards for Testing (EN to AU).
Working Towards a Performance Based Specification.
Pilot Specifications (Road Agencies & Governing Bodies).
TMR PSTS107
2016 IPWEA Collaborative Engineering Conference Brisbane Convention & Exhibition Centre 8-10 Nov

14. Sacrificial Wearing Course
Pavement Design
Perpetual Pavement - EME2 (Enrobés à Module Elevé )
High Modulus – High Binder Viscosity.
Modulus Derived From Shell Nomographs.
Penetration, Viscosity
6 Season Temperature Corrected.
Weather Bureau Climate Data
Asphalt Institute & Bells Equation
Sacrificial Wearing Course
50mm Wearing Course
140mm EME2
140mm DG20
125mm Existing Base
DG14
EME2
DG20
Subgrade
Existing Base
2016 IPWEA Collaborative Engineering Conference Brisbane Convention & Exhibition Centre 8-10 Nov

15. Pavement Design AASHTO 1993 Pavement Design Guide
Perpetual Vs. Conventional
AASHTO 1993 Pavement Design Guide
Structural Analysis of Pavement Materials
100 Year Life Cycle
Maintenance Intervention Levels
Maintenance Strategies and Costs
Conventional Asphalt
~ $100 Per Square Meter or %8.6
Financial Assessment – No Benefit Analysis
User Delays, User Costs, Admin, Materials
Perpetual
2016 IPWEA Collaborative Engineering Conference Brisbane Convention & Exhibition Centre 8-10 Nov

16. Conclusions
Four Pavement Designs Proposed, For Sections - 16 Pavement Designs.
Mechanistic-Empirical Methodology Adopted.
Designs Considered Existing Materials With Properties Derived From Testing.
New Material Properties Were Derived From Mix Properties and Seasonal Adjustments.
Life Cycle Cost Analysis Revealed an 8.5% Reduction in the Present Value of the Perpetual Pavement Design.
Will Increase Substantially When Benefits Are Incorporated and Is Also More Sustainability Considering Consumption of Materials.
Validate Mix Performance and Continue Field Testing.
δ , 𝜎,𝜀
2016 IPWEA Collaborative Engineering Conference Brisbane Convention & Exhibition Centre 8-10 Nov

17. Thank You tmcdonald@pavement.com.au www.pavement.com.au
2016 IPWEA Collaborative Engineering Conference Brisbane Convention & Exhibition Centre 8-10 Nov