1. Ecology
– the study of how living things interact with each other and with their environment

2. Biotic Factors Abiotic Factors
- anything that is living in the environment
Abiotic Factors
nonliving things within the environment
What types of things are nonliving?
Rock formations, Soil, Sun, Climate etc.
Are abiotic factors important?

3. Plants, and some single celled organisms
Producer/Autotroph
– makes own food
Plants, and some single celled organisms
Consumer/Heterotroph
– have to eat or absorb food
Fungi, Animals
(including humans!)
Decomposers – nature’s recyclers (recycle nutrients)
- break down wastes and dead organisms

4. Primary consumer - something that eats plants (herbivore)
Secondary Consumer - something that eats meat (carnivore)
Primary & Secondary Consumer - if they eat both plants and animals (omnivore)

5. First organism in the food chain is a producer, last is a decomposer
Food chains-
First organism in the food chain is a producer, last is a decomposer

6. Trophic Pyramid Troph – means energy
Tertiary Consumers
(heterotrophs)
Secondary Consumers
(heterotrophs)
Primary Consumers
(heterotrophs)
Producers (autotrophs)
Ecosystem trophic structure model: Spatial pattern set by autotrophs
Decomposers blur the pattern
Predators link components, stabilize system
Troph – means energy
What organism is most likely to be located at the base of trophic pyramids? 6

7. Food energy available to the human population at different trophic levels.
C Eating meat is inefficient way of tapping PS productivity. Humans obtain far more calories by eating grains directly as a primary consumer than by prcessing that same amount of grain through another trophic level. We could feed many more people if we all consumed only plant material, feeding more efficiently as primary consumers
224 billion tons of plant production/year
59% = terrestrial
35-40% used by humans directly (as plants) or indirectly (by feed animals first)
Food supplies can be increased and more
people can be supported by eating lower on
food chain 7

8. 100 10 1 .1
The greatest amount of energy present in this pyramid is found at which level?
The pyramid implies that, in order to live and grow, 1000 pounds of snakes would require… 8

9. Commensalism
– a relationship between two organisms in which one benefits and the other is not harmed nor does it benefit

10. – a relationship between two organisms in which they both benefit
Mutualism
– a relationship between two organisms in which they both benefit
Acacia ants live in the thorns of, defend, and are fed by the acacia tree in which they live
Butterfly-weed provides food for and is pollinated by butterflies like Pipevine Swallowtails.

11. Parasitism
– a relationship between two organisms in which one benefits and the other is harmed

12. When one animal kills another animal
Predation
When one animal kills another animal
What is the difference between predation & parasitism?

13. Niche
– an organism’s job in a community (shelter, food, active time of day, anything that the organism can control)

14. Competitive Exclusion
- When one population takes over another population’s niche forcing the population to leave the area.
Human population has caused cities to expand into forest areas forcing wildlife to leave in search of shelter.

15. Populations Community
cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
Populations
the amount of one species in an area
Community
All of the organisms in an area

16. Ecosystem – a community plus all the abiotic factors in an environment
Biomes
Tundra - Cold, dry, caribou, small bushes, grasses, polar bears

17. Snowy Owl
Ermine

18. Caribou
Musk Oxen

19. – Pine trees, weasels, mink, mountain lions, and moose
Taiga
– Pine trees, weasels, mink, mountain lions, and moose

21. Moose
Mink
Bobcat
Weasel

22. Bobcat
Wolverine
Long Eared Owl
Bald Eagle
Snowshoe Rabbit
Gray Wolf
Sea Otter

23. Grassland
– hot summers, cold winters, prairie, grass, gophers, rabbits, prairie dogs, buffalo (the biome we live in)

25. Prairie Dog
Antelope

26. Temperate Forest
– deer, squirrels, trees with leaves that fall off during autumn, black bears, insects

28. Duck-Billed Platypus
Black Bear

29. – hot, dry, snakes, lizards, scorpions, mice, cactus
Desert
– hot, dry, snakes, lizards, scorpions, mice, cactus

31. Armadillo Lizard
Desert Tortoise
Pygmy Owl
Thorny Devil
Javelina
Kangaroo Rat

32. Rainforest
– hot, wet, vines, ferns, orchids, tree frogs, insects, monkeys, palm trees, located along the equator, biome with the most diversity (contains more different types of organisms than any other place)

34. Vampire Bat
King Cobra

35. - like a grassland, zebras, lions, grasses, located near the equator
Savanna
- like a grassland, zebras, lions, grasses, located near the equator

37. Black Mamba
Wild dog
Mongoose
Emu

39. All of the ecosystems put together Example: Earth!
Biosphere –
All of the ecosystems put together
Example: Earth!
Nutrient Cycles – the path of nutrients being used & reused by various organisms
Examples: Water Cycle, Carbon Cycle, Nitrogen Cycle

41. Fossil Fuels Exhale Carbon Dioxide Plants absorb CO2 to make sugar
Animals eat plants &
take in sugar which contains carbon
Decomposers
Release Carbon Dioxide &
Decompose the waste &
Dead organisms into fossil fuels
Waste & dead
organisms
Fossil Fuels

43. (waste and dead decayed material) Nitrogen fixing bacteria
Nitrogen Fixation - The conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia
Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria are located on the roots of plants
(waste and dead decayed material)
Nitrogen fixing bacteria

44. Carrying Capacity Limiting Factors
- the maximum amount of one population that an environment can hold
Limiting Factors
Anything that can cause a population to not grow any larger
Examples: Shelter, Food, Disease
Sometimes humans create limiting factors if a population is getting out of control in an area. What could humans do to help control a population in an area?
Issue more or less hunting licenses, Introduce a predator, Take away a food source

45. Positive and Negative impacts humans have on the environment
Illegal hunting/Legal hunting

46. Deforestation
Planting Trees

47. Global Warming – The rising average temperature of the earth’s atmosphere & oceans
CO2 Changing over the years
Present
Temp. Changing over the years

48. Greenhouse Effect – Trapped heat may be causing the earth’s temperature to rise
CO2 Changing over the years
Present
Temp. Changing over the years

49. Burning of fossil fuels may contribute to the greenhouse effect
Air & Water
Pollution

50. Ozone absorbs harmful radiation from the sun.
Depletion of ozone in the atmosphere has been implicated in the cause of skin cancer.
                      

51. Recycle!

52. Endangered Species Reintroducing Endangered Species

53. Page 85
Answer Questions 9, 10, 11