1. Segregation and Discrimination
Section 16*3 pp

2. I. Fight Against Discrimination
Voting Restrictions
For at least 10 years after Reconstruction, Southern blacks can vote
De Facto Segregation
Society segregates
By 1900, all Southern states restrict voting, deny equality
De Jure Segregation
Law Segregates

3. De Facto Some limit vote to those who can read Some have poll tax
Officials give literacy tests
Some have poll tax
Fee must be paid annually to vote
Some add grandfather clause
Can vote if self, father, grandfather voted before 1867

4. I. Fight Against Discrimination
Public Segregation
Jim Crow Laws
1870s, 1880s, Supreme Court allows poll tax, grandfather clause
Racial segregation laws separate races in private, public places
Segregation laws called Jim Crow laws after old minstrel song

5. Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson
segregation legal in public places
Allows “separate but equal” doctrine if provide equal service

6. II. Race Relations African Americans restricted by customs
Racial Etiquette
Addressing whites as “Mr.” or “Sir”
Informal “rules”
Lived in segregated neighborhoods
Discrimination in the workplace
                                                       
                                                       
                                                       

7. III. Expanding Higher Education
African American Higher Education
Booker T. Washington
Founded Tuskegee Institute
Education would end racism
Washington argued the Black people should temporarily forego "political power, insistence on civil rights, and higher education of Negro youth. They should concentrate all their energies on industrial education."
Only 4% of African Americans attended college or higher learning institutions.

8. III. Expanding Higher Education
W.E.B. Du Bois
Favored a liberal arts education
"history cannot ignore W.E.B. DuBois because history has to reflect truth and Dr. DuBois was a tireless explorer and a gifted discoverer of social truths. His singular greatness lay in his quest for truth about his own people. There were very few scholars who concerned themselves with honest study of the black man and he sought to fill this immense void. The degree to which he succeeded disclosed the great dimensions of the man.”
– Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

9. IV. Race Relations Booker T. Washington W.E.B. Du Bois
                                          
Booker T. Washington
Don’t insist on full equality
Gain economic power
Teach useful skills
W.E.B. Du Bois
Demand legal equality
Niagra Movement
Seek higher education

10. Violence African Americans who do not follow etiquette are punished
Lynched
more than 1,400 killed 1882–1892

11. IV. Race Relations
Ida B. Wells
Anti-lynching campaign

12. Discrimination in the West
Mexican Workers
Higher numbers build railroads than any other ethnic group
Paid less than others
Large influence in Southwest agricultural industries
Some Southwest Mexicans and African Americans were forced into debt peonage
System of slavery to work off a debt to the employer
1911 the Supreme Court declared this unconstitutional under the 13th Amendment

13. Dawn of Mass Culture

14. Spectator Sports Cities begin setting aside green space for recreation
Amusement Parks
Cities begin setting aside green space for recreation
Amusement parks built on outskirts with picnic grounds, rides
Spectator Sports
Americans become avid fans of spectator sports
By turn of century, boxing, baseball become profitable businesses

15. Baseball 1845, Alexander J. Cartwright organizes club, sets down rules
National League forms 1876; American League forms 1900
Discrimination leads to Negro National, Negro American Leagues

16. New Ways to Sell Goods Urban Shopping The Department Store
1890, first shopping center opens in Cleveland—glass-topped arcade
Retail shopping districts form near public transportation
The Department Store
1865, Marshall Field opens first U.S. department store in Chicago
— stresses personal service
— pioneers bargain basement
Continued…

17. Advertising The Chain Store
Chain stores offer same merchandise under same owners for less
— buy in quantity, limit personal service
Advertising
Advertising explosion: $10 million spent 1865, $95 million 1900
Advertising in periodicals, billboards, sides of buildings
Catalogs and RFD
Montgomery Ward, Sears Roebuck catalogs bring goods to small towns
Rural free delivery (RFD)—post office delivers direct to every home