1. Spacial Association & Distribution
Space = a bounded or unbounded area
Absolute space = precisely measured
Example = a formal region (ie. NY State)
Relative space = created & defined by human interactions, perceptions or relations between events
A network of linked nodes (hub & spoke network)
Example = social networking on line – the nexus application on facebook can create a map of your connections

2. Globalization of the Economy
Globalization – force or process that involves the entire word and results in making something worldwide in scope
The scale of the world is shrinking (Friedman’s book the world is flat)
Has been led mostly by transnational corporations
Technology has sped up the process
Has led to more specialization because of the ability to get stuff from other areas
Globalization – force or process that involves the entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope
- Is this absolute or relative space?
Fig. 1-17: The Denso corporation is headquartered in Japan, but it has regional headquarters and other facilities in North America and Western Europe.

3. Distribution: Density, Concentration, & Pattern
The arrangement of people and activities found in space
Action at one point can cause action at another
Distribution – arrangement of a feature in space - 3 main properties: density, concentration and pattern
Spatial thinking – arrangement of people and activities found in space understand why it is there
Immanuel Kant – space is to geography what time is to history
Action at one point can cause an action at another
Distribution – arrangement of a feature in space
3 main properties: density, concentration and pattern
Fig. 1-18: The density, concentration, and pattern (of houses in this example) may vary in an area or landscape.

4. Density and Concentration of Baseball Teams, 1952 & 2007
Density –frequency wich something occurs in space – people, houses…
Arithmetic density – total # of objects in an area
Physiological density – number of persons per unit of area for agriculture
Agriculturaldensity – number of farmers per unit of farmland
Concentration – extent of a feature’s spread over space; clustered or dispersed – us pop has changed from concentrated in ne to more dispersed throughout the country
Concentration and density are not the same – same neighborhood but the land has been used differently
Density – frequency which something occurs in space
Arithmetic density – total# of objects in an area
Physiological density - # of persons /area on arable land
Agricultural Density – number of farmers/unit of farmland
Concentration – extent of a feature’s spread over space; clustered or dispersed US clustered to dispersed

5. U.S. Baseball Teams, 1952
Fig. 1-19: Baseball teams were highly concentrated in the Northeast and Midwest in 1952.

6. U.S. Baseball Teams, 2007 Pattern:
Geometric arrangement of objects in space
What do these teams have in common? What is the pattern? – major metropolitan area
Pattern:
Geometric arrangement of objects in space
What do these teams have in common? What is the pattern?

7. Spatial Association at Various Scales
SpacialAssociation = changes in distribution from one place or area to another
Spacial variation = the degree to which 2 or more phenomena share similar distribution
Spatial Association
Similar distributions = spatial association
Need to conect cultural, economic and environmental factors
Fig. 1-13: Death rates from cancer in the US, Maryland, and Baltimore show different patterns that can identify associations with different factors.

8. Cancer Death Rates in the U.S.

9. Cancer Death Rates in Maryland

10. Correlating Cancer and Obesity

11. Spatial Diffusion
The movement or spread of phenomena over space and over time - ideas, diseases, innovations, products, technology
Hearth – starting point
2 types – relocation and expansion
Diffusion – process by which characteristic spreads across space from one place to another over time
Hearth – place from which an innovation originates also known as a node
Two basic types of diffusion – relocation and expansion
Relocation diffusion – physical movement of people from one place to another
Euro permitted interesting study of hearths bc 13 countries minted own coins

12. Space-Time Compression, 1492-1962
Space-time compression – reduction in the time it takes for something to reach another place
Space-time compression – the reduction in the time it takes for something to reach another place
Promote s rapid change
Diffusion is explained by the connections between regions
Fig. 1-20: The times required to cross the Atlantic, or orbit the earth, illustrate how transport improvements have shrunk the world.

13. Airline Route Networks
Networks connect places to each other
Distance decay – contact diminishes with increasing distance and eventually disappears – this trailing off phenomena
Fig. 1-21: Continental Airlines, like many others, has configured its route network in a “hub and spoke” system.

14. Relocation Diffusion
Phenomena diffused leaves one area and moves to another permanently:
result of Immigration – language, religion, culture
Expansion Diffusion often follows
Usually follows S curve

15. Expansion Diffusion 3 Subtypes: Hierarchical, Contagious, Stimulus
Contagious Effect: closest to the origin are affected first
Hierarchical Effect: major cities then intermediate places, small towns, rural; Urban Hierarchy – filtering of phenomena from large cities to smaller
Stimulus – when a specific trait is rejected but the underlying idea is accepted (Siberians domesticating reindeer vs. cows)
Barriers: Physical vs. Human
Biased Innovations – social context vs. spatial context
placesmage.geog.macalester.edu
Expansion diffusion – spread ofa feature from one place to another in a snowballing process – 1 of 3 processes:
Hierarchical diffusion – spread of an idea from persons of authority to other persons
Contagious diffusion – rapid widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population – usually contagious diseases – AIDS prevention is a good example
Stimulus diffusion – underlying principle is spread – apple vs. pc – apple dies out, but basic concepts remain

16. Factors Influencing Diffusion
Time-distance decay – farther away from the innovation origin the less the effect
Absorbing Barriers – completely halt diffusion
Permeable barriers – allow some or part of the innovation through but weakens it
Neighborhood effect – acceptance is usually most rapid in small clusters around an initial adopter
Globalization – improved worldwide transport and communications allow the instantaneous diffusion of ideas and innovations

17. What type of diffusion? Expansion or relocation diffusion?
Evidence of time-distance decay?
Neighborhood effect?

18. AIDS Diffusion in the US, 1981-2002
Relocation diffusion can explain the spread of HIV, but not the decline of new cases – instead the rapid diffusion of medicines and prevention = expansion diffusion
Fig. 1-22: New AIDS cases were concentrated in three nodes in They spread through the country in the 1980s, but declined in the original nodes in the late 1990s.

19. New AIDS Cases, 1981 (per 100,000 population)

20. New AIDS Cases, 1993 (per 100,000 population)

21. New AIDS Cases, 2002 (per 100,000 population)

22. Cumulative AIDS Cases, 1981-2002