1. The South's
"Peculiar
Institution"

3. Slave Auction Notice, 1823

4. Slave Accoutrements
Slave leg irons
Slave tag, SC
Slave shoes

5. Slave Accoutrements
Slave Master Brands
Slave muzzle

6. Anti-Slave Pamphlet

7. Slave Auction: Charleston, SC-1856

8. Condition of Slavery

9. Slaves posing in front of their cabin on a Southern plantation.

10. A Slave Family

11. Early Anti-Slavery Sentiment
Quaker Opposition: early moral objection
Revolutionary War: Conflicts with liberty, Enlightenment ideals
Free market ideals (A. Smith): slave labor hinders the free market
Constitutional Convention: no discussion of slavery (“domestic institution”); Slave Trade Compromise

12. Slavery and the Constitution
Slavery is a “domestic institution”, therefore under state control
3/5ths Compromise, Slave Trade Compromise, Fugitive Slave Law… all recognize slavery exists in the states
TERRITORIES: NW Ordinance (1787): Congress decided no slavery in the NW territory

13. Early Emancipation in the North

14. Westward Expansion 1803: Louisiana Purchase
Missouri applies as a state; 11 slave states/11 free: Mo. Will unbalance that
1820-Missouri Compromise: admit Mo., admit Maine (12 & 12); above the 36’30 line, no other slave states within territory

15. Missouri Compromise, 1820

16. Louisiana Territory (cont.)
House of Representatives dominated by Northern states
The Senate is the only representative body that they have equal representation

17. Changes in Cotton Production
1820
1860

19. Slaves Using the Cotton Gin

20. Slaves Picking Cotton on a Mississippi Plantation

21. South Largely agricultural: cash crops
Slave labor: 20% of population ONLY
Most whites are poor landowners who own no slaves
Little industry; cotton becomes most profitable:
“KING Cotton”….Cotton gin: increases production
Few cities

22. QUOTE:
“Slavery is like holding a wolf by the ears. You don’t like it, but you don’t dare let it go.” – Thomas Jefferson

23. Abolitionist Movement
American Colonization Society created (gradual, voluntary emancipation.
British Colonization Society symbol 23

24. 24

25. 1822 25

26. Liberia
The American Colonization Society was founded in Washington in 1816.
Supporters
Clay and Key
Southerners fearful of revolts
Northerners fearful of job competition
Whites opposed to slavery AND integration
In 1821 the society successfully founded the African colony of Liberia. A total of 20,000 African Americans emigrated Liberia.

27. Free Blacks Increases from 60,000-500,000 from 1790-1860
Half live in South
Many mixed race
Gained freedom through:
Freed by owner
Runaway
Military service
Self purchase
Freed blacks worked as domestics, artisans, laborers, sailors

28. Abolitionism Early stages of the movement
Began with religious groups and free African-Americans (David Walker – VIOLENCE)
Anti-slavery newspapers began to appear in the North by the 1830’s

29. Abolitionist Movement
Create a free slave state in Liberia, West Africa.
No real anti-slavery sentiment in the North in the 1820s & 1830s.
Gradualists
Immediatists

30. The Movement Grows 1820s – abolition grows William Lloyd Garrison
Cotton had become more profitable causing slavery to grow
William Lloyd Garrison
Establishes The Liberator in 1831
Abolitionist newspaper
Immediate liberation with no compensation
American Anti-Slavery Society was founded in 1833
Guess why it split up?

31. End Slavery Underground RR: Southerners increasingly defensive
Constitution allows the states to regulate their own “domestic institutions”: BOTH the 3/5ths Compromise & Fugitive Slave Act recognize the existence of slavery

32. Slave
Resistance
&
Uprisings

33. Slave Resistance Refusal to work hard. Isolated acts of sabotage.
Escape via the Underground Railroad

34. Slave Revolts: FEAR!!! 1822 Denmark Vesey (conspiracy): 37 executed
Louisiana Revolt: 16 blacks executed
1831 Nat Turner’s Revolt: 60+ whites killed

35. Black Abolitionists David Walker (1785-1830)
1829  Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World
Fight for freedom rather than wait to be set free by whites. 35

36. Slave Rebellions in the Antebellum South
Gabriel Prosser 1800
1822

37. Slave Rebellions in the Antebellum South: Nat Turner, 1831

39. SEIGE MENTALITY Laws limiting free speech
Laws banning “dangerous” literature
Mob violence
Increased size of state militias
Watchful eyes on strangers

40. Effect of 2nd Great Awakening
Emphasize free will and person accountability
Every man was “his brother’s keeper”
Slavery was a sin.
If one man held another as his slave, all were held accountable for the sin of slavery
Charles G. Finney, preacher who rejected slavery and the gradual approach to ending it

41. Moral Objections Grow Wm. Lloyd Garrison 1801-1879 “The Liberator”
A MILITANT
Viewpoints:
NO compromise w/slavery
Slavery was sin.
Determined to convert others
Constitution the object of protest

42. Garrison
Equal rights for women (highly involved in the movement); caused a split in the Anti-Slavery Society; those who disapproved formed Liberty Party
“I will be harsh as truth, and as uncompromising as justice.
I am in earnest-I will not equivocate-I will not excuse-I will not retreat a single inch-AND I WILL BE HEARD!”

43. Premiere issue  January 1, 1831
The Liberator
Premiere issue  January 1, 1831
R2-5 43

44. The Tree of Slavery—Loaded with the Sum of All Villanies!44

45. Other White Abolitionists
Lewis Tappan
James Birney
Liberty Party.
Ran for President in & 1844.
Arthur Tappan

46. Black Abolitionists Frederick Douglass “North Star” Journal
Immediate
“North Star” Journal
Others: Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth
Radical Abolitionists:
David Walker
“Arm yourselves!”

47. Radical
Abolitionists
Frederick Douglass

48. Frederick Douglass (1817-1895)
1845  The Narrative of the Life Of Frederick Douglass
1847  “The North Star”-Inspired by the Liberator
R2-12 48

49. The Underground Railroad

50. Leading Escaping Slaves Along the Underground Railroad

51. The Underground Railroad
“Conductor” ==== leader of the escape “Passengers” ==== escaping slaves “Tracks” ==== routes “Trains” ==== farm wagons transporting the escaping slaves
“Depots” ==== safe houses to rest/sleep
“Moses” ==== Tubman

52. Harriet Tubman ( )
Helped over 300 slaves to freedom.$40,000 bounty on her head.
Series of safe houses for escaping slaves
Allowed them to safely rest on their trip to Canada
“Moses” 52

53. Sojourner Truth (1787-1883) or Isabella Baumfree
1850  The Narrative of Sojourner Truth
R2-10

54. Anti-Slavery v. Abolitionism
Anti-slavery forces wanted to restrict the spread of slavery; not allow it in Western territories
No interference with slavery where it existed
Politics: Free-Soil Party, Whig Party, Republican Party
Focus was on rights of whites (“free labor, free soil, free men”) more than on blacks
ABOLITIONISTS: a loud voice by a small group

55. Characteristics of the Antebellum South
Primarily agrarian.
Economic power shifted from the “upper South” to the “lower South.”
“Cotton Is King!” * 1860 5 mil. bales a yr (57% of total US exports).
Very slow development of industrialization.
Rudimentary financial system.
Inadequate transportation system.

56. Response to Abolitionism
SOUTH: Abolitionists arrested and jailed
Abolitionist writings were banned; destroyed and burned (fear it would incite slave rebellion)
80% of Southerners owned no slaves
19% owned a small number
Less than 1% owned over a hundred
Destroyed abolitionist literature & property
WHY defend slavery if most don’t own slaves???

57. Southern Defense of Slavery
“Way of life” argument: part of tradition, economic need (cotton the most profitable export)
Bible (“slaves, obey your masters”)/ancient civilizations
Necessary social structure
Better than wage labor in the North
Care for needs of slaves: “a positive good”
Protect our society:
-Haitian uprising…FEAR
Slave revolts

58. Southern Pro-Slavery Propaganda

59. Southern Population

61. Southern Agriculture

62. Value of Cotton Exports As % of All US Exports

63. Southern Society (1850) “Slavocracy” [plantation owners]
6,000,000
The “Plain Folk” [white yeoman farmers]
Black Freemen
250,000
Black Slaves 3,200,000
Total US Population  23,000,000 [9,250,000 in the South = 40%]

64. Slavery Was Less Efficient in the U. S. than Elsewhere
High cost of keeping slaves from escaping.
GOAL  raise the “exit cost.”
Slave patrols.
Southern Black Codes.
Cut off a toe or a foot.

65. Runaway Slave Ads

66. Slavery in the United States
By 1850, 200 years of slavery in America
History
Some northern states freed only children born after slavery was banned and kept their mothers enslaved.
In several northern states, slavery continued to exist until the 1840s.
By 1850 two societies existed—the North, where workers labored for wages, and the South, where a large number of workers were enslaved.
Many southerners believed their economy depended on slave labor.
Those who supported slavery believed that property rights came first.
To many northerners who were truly concerned about slavery, the issue was one of basic democratic ideology.

67. SLAVERY ISSUE Leads to New Political Parties
Democratic Party: splitting over the issue of slavery (N & S)
Liberty Party: anti-slavery
Free-Soil Party: no slavery in territories
NEW PARTY: 1854: Northern Democrats, Free-Soil members, & others form the Republican Party (furious over K-N Act)