1. Blood Review 1. What is the function of the red blood cells?
To carry oxygen to the tissue and remove waste such as carbon dioxide away from the cell
2. How is it structurally designed to do its work?
Biconcave disks allow an increase in surface area of gas exchange
Lightweight & flexible

2. Blood Review 3. Where are red blood cells reproduced? Bone Marrow
4. What structures are present if you where to look at a white blood cell under a microscope:
Nucleus & cytoplasm
Depending on what type possibly granules

3. Blood Review 5. How do White blood cells differ from red blood cells:
A) In structure:
Smaller, have a nucleus
B) In function:
RBC – gas & waste exchange
WBC – fight foreign invaders, immunity
6. Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils are known to engulf bacteria, this process is know as being:
Phagocytic

4. Blood Review
7. Lymphocytes can be further divided into these two categories:
T Cells:
B Cells:
8. The protein that Red blood cells have is
Hemoglobin
When this protein combines with oxygen it is called?
Oxyhemoglobin

5. Blood Types
Biology 30S

6. Blood Types
ANTIGEN: are proteins that are attached to various components in the red blood cell membrane.
If the immune system encounters an antigen that is not found on the body's own cells, it will launch an attack against that antigen
ANTIBODIES: are small proteins that circulate in the bloodstream. They are part of the body's defence (immune) system and are sometimes called immunoglobulins.

7. Blood Types
Human erythrocytes (RBC) may contain an antigen, the plasma may contain an antibody which react with cellular antigens.
When cells containing a particular antigen are mixed with plasma containing the corresponding antibody, the cells tend to clump together or agglutinate.
Agglutination of a person’s blood would make his/her blood clump and lead to death.

8. Blood Types Glycoproteins on RBCs determine blood type:
Type A, B, AB, or O
Glycoproteins (A or B) are called antigens
Type O has no glycoproteins/antigens
Type AB has both A and B

9. Human A-B-O Blood Types

10. What is the Blood Type?
No Clumping of RBC’s
Clumping of RBC’s B+

11. What is the Blood Type ?
No Clumping of RBC’s
No Clumping of RBC’s
O -

12. Blood – Antigen-Antibody Response
Blood Type
Blood Contains
Cellular Antigens
Plasma Antibodies O
None
Anti –A & Anti – B A
Anti – B B
Anti - A AB

13. Blood - To whom can I donate?
Transfusion are best given by a person with the same blood type.
However, where this is impossible, another blood type can be given provided that:
ABO Antigen & Antibodies are compatible
Rh Antigen & Antibodies are compatible

14. ADD TO NOTES!
In a transfusion doctors do not transfer “whole blood” to the recipient.
Serum is given which is whole blood with the antibodies and other cells, taken out of the donor blood.
Decreases the chance of coagulation between the donors blood and recipient blood.
Type A Donor -> Type AB Blood
No Anti-B antibodies passed to recipient  No agglutination.

15. WHOM CAN I DONATE BLOOD TO?
Example: Patient Type A
Donor Type O
Patient Type A has A-Antigens & Anti B Antibodies
Donor Type O has No Antigen
& Anti A & Anti B Antibodies (these are removed before given)
***Patient will have no agglutination due to O blood not having any antigens for antibodies to react with. ***

16. Blood - To whom can I donate?
A person with what blood type would be considered a Universal Donor?
Type O
A person with what blood type would be considered a Universal Recipient?
Type AB

17. Transfusion RelationshipsB AB
Blood Type
Can Donate To:
Can Receive from: O
O, A, B, AB A
A, AB
A, O B
B, AB
B, O AB
AB, A, B, O

18. Blood – Frequencies IN OUR POPULATIONAB
NA White
45%
41%
10% 4%
NA Black
47%
28%
20% 5%
Peruvian Indian
100%

19. - + Rhesus Factor A different blood antigen Genetically determined
Two types: Rh- and Rh+
~ 83.3% of population are Rh+ (protein present)
~ 16.6% of population are Rh– (protein absent)
Rh- will develop the Rh antibody only when exposed to Rh+ blood
Blood donating: Rh+ can receive from Rh-, but Rh- cannot receive from Rh+ - +

20. Rhesus Factor
This protein acts the same way as a blood type protein would.
If a person with Rh Negative is given blood that is Rh positive, it will agglutinate (clump) even if they are the same blood type.
People who are Rh negative do not have the Rh factor. Rh- can given to people who are Rh+ but Rh+ can not give to Rh-. - +

21. Rhesus Factor Important for pregnant women:
Rh negative mother having an Rh positive fetus
Because they are sharing nutrients, oxygen, blood through the placenta the blood of the mother and the baby will mix
This will cause the mother to make Rh antibodies to get rid of the foreign blood
These antibodies can cause the destruction of embryos in future Rh pregnancies
This condition is called Erythroblastosis fetalis
A mother can be tested for Rh positive sensitivity and given an immunization to help prevent damage.
Immunization is called Rhogam or Wingam.

22. Rhesus Factor

23. Draw this Chart on a Blank Piece of Loose Leaf – Fill in for each blood type!